Health services
These
are actions or activities undertaken by professionals for the purpose of
prevention, curation and rehabilitation of individual/family and community
are actions or activities undertaken by professionals for the purpose of
prevention, curation and rehabilitation of individual/family and community
The meaning of health and disease
Health
according to WHO health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
according to WHO health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Oxford
English Dictionary defined health as soundness of body, that condition in which
its functions are duly discharged. Health in this context is an expression of
adaptability.
English Dictionary defined health as soundness of body, that condition in which
its functions are duly discharged. Health in this context is an expression of
adaptability.
Dimension of health
The
three main dimensions or aspect of health are physical, mental and social
well-being. An individual that function effectively at these three planes is
said to maintain a good health status or positive health
three main dimensions or aspect of health are physical, mental and social
well-being. An individual that function effectively at these three planes is
said to maintain a good health status or positive health
·
Physical health: This aspect deals with the efficiency
of body organs and systems. The ability to function as well as the absence of
infirmity.
Physical health: This aspect deals with the efficiency
of body organs and systems. The ability to function as well as the absence of
infirmity.
·
Mental health: This involves the capacity of
individual to cope with situations and control emotion and also to reason and
behave normally.
Mental health: This involves the capacity of
individual to cope with situations and control emotion and also to reason and
behave normally.
·
Social well-being: This aspect has to do with people and
their adaptation to the environment, cordial interpersonal relationship and
supportive culture.
Social well-being: This aspect has to do with people and
their adaptation to the environment, cordial interpersonal relationship and
supportive culture.
Diseases
This
is abnormal condition that attacks the body of an organism resulting from
various causes such as infections, inflammations, environmental factors or
genetic defects and characterized by signs and symptoms.
is abnormal condition that attacks the body of an organism resulting from
various causes such as infections, inflammations, environmental factors or
genetic defects and characterized by signs and symptoms.
Also
disease is the deviation from normal state of health which affects the body’s
ability to perform it vital functions. Disease usually affects people not only
physically but also emotionally as contracting and living with many diseases
can alter one’s perspective in life and one’s personality.
disease is the deviation from normal state of health which affects the body’s
ability to perform it vital functions. Disease usually affects people not only
physically but also emotionally as contracting and living with many diseases
can alter one’s perspective in life and one’s personality.
Types of diseases
i.
Pathogenic
diseases
Pathogenic
diseases
ii.
Deficiency
diseases
Deficiency
diseases
iii.
Hereditary
diseases and
Hereditary
diseases and
iv.
Physiological
diseases
Physiological
diseases
Factors affecting health to cause
diseases
diseases
i.
Cultural
factors
Cultural
factors
ii.
Environmental
factors
Environmental
factors
iii.
Personal
factors
Personal
factors
iv.
Socio-economic
factors
Socio-economic
factors
Cultural factors
Culture
refers to established pattern of behavior and way of life of any group of
people or society which has been handed down either verbally or by practice.
Cultural factors include customs, beliefs, taboos, practices. All these have
effect or determine the health status or well-being of an individual in the
community.
refers to established pattern of behavior and way of life of any group of
people or society which has been handed down either verbally or by practice.
Cultural factors include customs, beliefs, taboos, practices. All these have
effect or determine the health status or well-being of an individual in the
community.
a.
Tradition: It is the customary way by which
cultural activities are conducted and implemented.
Tradition: It is the customary way by which
cultural activities are conducted and implemented.
b.
Custom: These are norms of the society and
ways regarded by individuals or group to be ideal and believed to be correct
e.g. taboos, tribal marks and scarification.
Custom: These are norms of the society and
ways regarded by individuals or group to be ideal and believed to be correct
e.g. taboos, tribal marks and scarification.
c.
Beliefs: These are opinions or feeling one
holds about events, activities, objects and persons. Beliefs relate to ideas
people accept as correct e.g. the belief that a pregnant woman who eats snail
is bound to give birth to a salivating child thereby depriving the woman of
such protenous food, etc.
Beliefs: These are opinions or feeling one
holds about events, activities, objects and persons. Beliefs relate to ideas
people accept as correct e.g. the belief that a pregnant woman who eats snail
is bound to give birth to a salivating child thereby depriving the woman of
such protenous food, etc.
d.
Taboos: These are things that are forbidden in
the society. These forbidden activities can affect the well-being of individual
e.g. children not being allowed to eat eggs for the reason that they will steal
when they grow up in future.
Taboos: These are things that are forbidden in
the society. These forbidden activities can affect the well-being of individual
e.g. children not being allowed to eat eggs for the reason that they will steal
when they grow up in future.
e.
Practices: These are event or activities embarked
upon or carried out by individuals or group in the society e.g. circumcision of
female, etc.
Practices: These are event or activities embarked
upon or carried out by individuals or group in the society e.g. circumcision of
female, etc.
Harmful
cultural practices
cultural practices
i.
Female
genital mutilation (female circumcision)
Female
genital mutilation (female circumcision)
ii.
Drinking
blue for family planning
Drinking
blue for family planning
iii.
Tribal
marks/scarification
Tribal
marks/scarification
iv.
Extraction
of colostrums after breast milk from mother after childbirth
Extraction
of colostrums after breast milk from mother after childbirth
v.
Burning
the feet of a child during epilepsy fits
Burning
the feet of a child during epilepsy fits
Helpful cultural practices
i.
Post-puerperal
diet
Post-puerperal
diet
ii.
Prolonged
breast feeding
Prolonged
breast feeding
iii.
Forbidden
hardwork for pregnant women
Forbidden
hardwork for pregnant women
iv.
Male
circumcision
Male
circumcision
Environmental factors
Environment
embraces all those conditions that has effect on the behavior, performance and
welfare of an organism and the activities associated with his/her occupation.
Environmental factors that determine or influence the health status of
individuals in the community include air pollution, inadequate refuse disposal
system, poor solid waste disposal, inadequate water supply system, industrial
waste, poor housing, etc.
embraces all those conditions that has effect on the behavior, performance and
welfare of an organism and the activities associated with his/her occupation.
Environmental factors that determine or influence the health status of
individuals in the community include air pollution, inadequate refuse disposal
system, poor solid waste disposal, inadequate water supply system, industrial
waste, poor housing, etc.
Personal factor
This
is the state of health of the individual is determine by certain factors which
include personal hygiene, illiteracy level, health awareness, attitude towards
our modern health system and education. Also diet habits, alcoholism and
smoking, etc.
is the state of health of the individual is determine by certain factors which
include personal hygiene, illiteracy level, health awareness, attitude towards
our modern health system and education. Also diet habits, alcoholism and
smoking, etc.
Socio-economic factors
This
factors include ignorance on health matter, inadequate infrastructure, e.g. educational
and health institution, road network as well. Other social activities, poverty,
illiteracy level, attitude to our modern health system, etc. ignorance on
health matters which relate to lack of knowledge on health issues and disease
could affect the state of health of the people.
factors include ignorance on health matter, inadequate infrastructure, e.g. educational
and health institution, road network as well. Other social activities, poverty,
illiteracy level, attitude to our modern health system, etc. ignorance on
health matters which relate to lack of knowledge on health issues and disease
could affect the state of health of the people.
Social cultural and psychological
causes of diseases
causes of diseases
Social
and cultural factors exert causal or determinant influences on mental health
for example. Social stigmatization can affect the mental health of an
individual. Most ethnic group banishes leprosy patients from their community.
This can result into emotional depression to the patient.
and cultural factors exert causal or determinant influences on mental health
for example. Social stigmatization can affect the mental health of an
individual. Most ethnic group banishes leprosy patients from their community.
This can result into emotional depression to the patient.
Cultural theories of disease causation
Some
people believes that disease are caused by other factors rather that organism.
The factors are ancestors, evil spirit, evil eyes, witches, wizards, etc.
people believes that disease are caused by other factors rather that organism.
The factors are ancestors, evil spirit, evil eyes, witches, wizards, etc.
a.
Ancestors
and forefathers and elders who died many decades ago. Some people believed that
if those living among the ancestors in one form or the other injuries, disease
or poor health status could afflict the offender. It could even result to
death.
Ancestors
and forefathers and elders who died many decades ago. Some people believed that
if those living among the ancestors in one form or the other injuries, disease
or poor health status could afflict the offender. It could even result to
death.
b.
Evil
spirits, demon, Satan, devils and mermaids are said to cause disease in man. It
is the belief of some people that status or even death. People could be attacked
by evil spirit in the house, road even in their places of work. Some diseases
are regarded to be due to be intrusion of evil
spirit.
Evil
spirits, demon, Satan, devils and mermaids are said to cause disease in man. It
is the belief of some people that status or even death. People could be attacked
by evil spirit in the house, road even in their places of work. Some diseases
are regarded to be due to be intrusion of evil
spirit.
c.
Evil
eyes, these range from enmity, envy, hatred and jealousy to ill-feeling against
one. It is believed that those vices could bring about disease, injuries or
death of people. In order to ward off the effect of evil eyes, charms are
prescribed by the native priest.
Evil
eyes, these range from enmity, envy, hatred and jealousy to ill-feeling against
one. It is believed that those vices could bring about disease, injuries or
death of people. In order to ward off the effect of evil eyes, charms are
prescribed by the native priest.
d.
Witches
and wizards: Witches are women that practice the act of witchcraft. The act of
poising one or keeping someone under unpleasant condition, whereas the wizards
are their male counterparts that practice the same act. It is believed by some
people that these group of unreligious and antisocial people could cause
disease, poor health status and death
and death to people by invoking and applying the art of witchcraft on the
people.
Witches
and wizards: Witches are women that practice the act of witchcraft. The act of
poising one or keeping someone under unpleasant condition, whereas the wizards
are their male counterparts that practice the same act. It is believed by some
people that these group of unreligious and antisocial people could cause
disease, poor health status and death
and death to people by invoking and applying the art of witchcraft on the
people.
Concept of primary health care (PHC)
According
to alma-ata declaration in 1987, primary health care are essential health care
based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and
technology made universally accessible to individuals and family in the
community through their full participation and at the cost that the community
and country can afford to maintain at every stage at their development in the
spirit of self reliance and self determination. The tenets of primary health
care are:
to alma-ata declaration in 1987, primary health care are essential health care
based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and
technology made universally accessible to individuals and family in the
community through their full participation and at the cost that the community
and country can afford to maintain at every stage at their development in the
spirit of self reliance and self determination. The tenets of primary health
care are:
a.
Essential
health care
Essential
health care
b.
Scientifically
sound methods and techniques
Scientifically
sound methods and techniques
c.
Socially
acceptable method and technology
Socially
acceptable method and technology
d.
Universally
accessible
Universally
accessible
e.
Full
participation and self determination
Full
participation and self determination
f.
Affordable
cost.
Affordable
cost.
Aims and objectives of primary health
care system
care system
a. To provide adequate and effective
health care at the grassroot involving individuals, families and communities.
health care at the grassroot involving individuals, families and communities.
b. To make health care available and
accessible to the people where ever they live and work.
accessible to the people where ever they live and work.
c. To reduce mortality and morbidity of
high risk group.
high risk group.
d. To prevent illness in the community
through health education
through health education
e. To provide appropriate technology that
can easily be determined by the people themselves
can easily be determined by the people themselves
Key element or components of primary
health care
health care
i.
Health
education
Health
education
ii.
Provision
of adequate water supply and basic sanitation
Provision
of adequate water supply and basic sanitation
iii.
Promotion
of adequate food supply and proper nutrition
Promotion
of adequate food supply and proper nutrition
iv.
Maternal
and child including family planning
Maternal
and child including family planning
v.
Immunization
against major infectious diseases
Immunization
against major infectious diseases
Principle of PHC
The
principle of PHC are:
principle of PHC are:
i.
Equity
Equity
ii.
Prevention
Prevention
iii.
Appropriate
technology
Appropriate
technology
iv.
Intersectoral
collaboration
Intersectoral
collaboration
v.
Community
participation
Community
participation
Strategies for PHC
The
strategies for PHC are:
strategies for PHC are:
i.
Community
based approach
Community
based approach
ii.
Comprehensive
services
Comprehensive
services
iii.
Poly-valent
services
Poly-valent
services
iv.
Entry
point through health education
Entry
point through health education
v.
Team
work approach
Team
work approach
vi.
Integrated
services.
Integrated
services.
Organisation of PHC
In
Nigeria, there are three tiers or level of health care delivery, namely:
Nigeria, there are three tiers or level of health care delivery, namely:
i.
Primary
or local level
Primary
or local level
ii.
Secondary
or state level
Secondary
or state level
iii.
Tertiary
or federal level.
Tertiary
or federal level.
