RWANDA’S
PERSPECTIVE ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT
PERSPECTIVE ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT
UNDERSTANDING
RURAL SETTLEMENTS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON THE SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT AND
LIVELIHOODS
RURAL SETTLEMENTS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON THE SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT AND
LIVELIHOODS
TERMS OF
REFERENCE FOR RESEARCH
REFERENCE FOR RESEARCH
- 1. The
Introduction
Since May 2013, International Alert has embarked
on building Partnership
for Peaceful Rural Transforma
on building Partnership
for Peaceful Rural Transforma
tion with the support from the
American People through USAID. International Alert implements this project in
four Districts: Ngorororero and Rutsiro from the West Province; Huye from the
South Province and Ngoma from the East Province in partnership with two Rwandan
Organisations including the Farmers’ Federation, IMBARAGA, representing 25,200
farmers countrywide and ProFemmes/TweseHamwe, an umbrella of 55 women’s
organisations. International Alert oversees the overall management of the
project as well as the advocacy component; IMBARAGA provides much-needed
training modules and information dissemination on the Land Act and related
provisions to the population in general and in particular its constituency,
committees and Cells Executive Secretaries. These in turn lead wider
sector-level community dialogue on these issues. Perspectives from sector-level
activities feed into dialogue and reflection led by District Task Forces (DTFs)
created at district level in each of the focal districts, to act as think-tanks
analysing, interpreting and communicating community perceptions about land
issues. Pro-Femmes/Twese Hamwe leads DTFs debates and provides an overall gender
lens to the intervention supported by Alert’s own team.
The
project responds to the challenges and opportunities presented by the
government of Rwanda’s ambitious land reform programme, applying a
conflict-sensitivity lens to the proposed initiatives, and addressing the
information gap concerning the far-reaching implications of the Land Act that
exists between government and communities.
project responds to the challenges and opportunities presented by the
government of Rwanda’s ambitious land reform programme, applying a
conflict-sensitivity lens to the proposed initiatives, and addressing the
information gap concerning the far-reaching implications of the Land Act that
exists between government and communities.
By
engaging stakeholders in the Partnership for Peaceful Rural Transformation
Project (PPRTP), International Alert and partners expect to achieve four
outcomes:
engaging stakeholders in the Partnership for Peaceful Rural Transformation
Project (PPRTP), International Alert and partners expect to achieve four
outcomes:
(i)
Reduction of conflict risks associated with land reform through increased
community capacity to understand and mediate;
Reduction of conflict risks associated with land reform through increased
community capacity to understand and mediate;
(ii)
Improved understanding of, and capacity to engage in, formulation and
implementation of policies related to land use and administration in Rwanda by
communities, local authorities, civil society and the private sector;
Improved understanding of, and capacity to engage in, formulation and
implementation of policies related to land use and administration in Rwanda by
communities, local authorities, civil society and the private sector;
(iii)
Increased confidence and leadership on the part of the Rwandan Farmer’s
Federation IMBARAGA on these issues;
Increased confidence and leadership on the part of the Rwandan Farmer’s
Federation IMBARAGA on these issues;
(iv)
Policy decisions informed by the perspectives and priorities of citizens on
aspects of the reform process on the part of central government and
international development partners;
Policy decisions informed by the perspectives and priorities of citizens on
aspects of the reform process on the part of central government and
international development partners;
- 2. The
Context
Rwanda is among the highest densely populated
countries with 416 people per square km[1]. 85% of the total population live in rural areas and the
land categorised as rural is nearly 98% of total land area, with around 54%
classified as arable, and the urban area being only 1.5% of total country
surface.[2].
countries with 416 people per square km[1]. 85% of the total population live in rural areas and the
land categorised as rural is nearly 98% of total land area, with around 54%
classified as arable, and the urban area being only 1.5% of total country
surface.[2].
These
demographic and geographic trends coupled with poor land management
characterised by scattered settlements in rural areas have resulted in a very
high population pressure on land. Landholders are dominated by smallholders
with an average of approximately 0.59 hectares and a median value of 0.33
hectares. Combined with soil erosion and other environmental issues, the land
for agriculture has progressively decreased and the rural livelihoods are
strongly affected by this situation.
demographic and geographic trends coupled with poor land management
characterised by scattered settlements in rural areas have resulted in a very
high population pressure on land. Landholders are dominated by smallholders
with an average of approximately 0.59 hectares and a median value of 0.33
hectares. Combined with soil erosion and other environmental issues, the land
for agriculture has progressively decreased and the rural livelihoods are
strongly affected by this situation.
Therefore,
in the aftermath of the genocide, the government of Rwanda has embarked on land
reforms to reduce the vulnerability of the Rwandan rural population to poverty.
Grouping the rural population into Imidugudu (Villagilisation Programme) came
out as a strategic solution to land scarcity and the success of this reform is
seen as key to the implementation of other land reforms decided by the Rwandan
Government since 2005. These other reforms include Land Use Consolidation and
Crop Intensification Programme. In this regard, a national policy on rural
settlement, Umudugudu, has been issued and it’s reflected in the ministerial
order n° 001/07.05 of May 19, 2009. UMUDUGUDU is defined as a mode of planned
settlement made of between 100 and 200 houses by site in rural areas.
Measurements of plot reserved for « UMUDUGUDU » range from 10 to 20 hectares
with a possibility or capacity of extension and as far as possible a space
provided for various non-agricultural activities so as to allow the population
to earn their lives. The combination of all these elements constitutes the
UMUDUGUDU[3].
in the aftermath of the genocide, the government of Rwanda has embarked on land
reforms to reduce the vulnerability of the Rwandan rural population to poverty.
Grouping the rural population into Imidugudu (Villagilisation Programme) came
out as a strategic solution to land scarcity and the success of this reform is
seen as key to the implementation of other land reforms decided by the Rwandan
Government since 2005. These other reforms include Land Use Consolidation and
Crop Intensification Programme. In this regard, a national policy on rural
settlement, Umudugudu, has been issued and it’s reflected in the ministerial
order n° 001/07.05 of May 19, 2009. UMUDUGUDU is defined as a mode of planned
settlement made of between 100 and 200 houses by site in rural areas.
Measurements of plot reserved for « UMUDUGUDU » range from 10 to 20 hectares
with a possibility or capacity of extension and as far as possible a space
provided for various non-agricultural activities so as to allow the population
to earn their lives. The combination of all these elements constitutes the
UMUDUGUDU[3].
The
Umudugudu settlement offers a series of advantages including the break away
from the traditional scattered housing, and the creation of development centres
that can enable off farm activities to unblock the dependence on land. These
expected outcomes would improve the living conditions in rural areas with
better access to infrastructure and services.
Umudugudu settlement offers a series of advantages including the break away
from the traditional scattered housing, and the creation of development centres
that can enable off farm activities to unblock the dependence on land. These
expected outcomes would improve the living conditions in rural areas with
better access to infrastructure and services.
However,
the progress of Imidugudu settlements implementation is low and face numerous
challenges from the beginning till today. On one hand, after hundreds of years
of scattered housing, the population hasn’t been receptive of changes brought
by this new type of settlement. Therefore, less efforts are put in this
programme and few people join these settlements. On the other hand, despite the
willingness to promote the Imidugudu, the Government of Rwanda hasn’t been able
to establish economically and socially viable Imidugudu. Among loopholes, there
is mainly the lack of clear guidance on the policy implementation, the lack of
legal framework and limited resources. Therefore, most of imidugudu are still
unplanned settlements around roads and markets and according to the recent data
from the Rwanda Housing Authority (RHA) the coverage is very low (only 20%).
the progress of Imidugudu settlements implementation is low and face numerous
challenges from the beginning till today. On one hand, after hundreds of years
of scattered housing, the population hasn’t been receptive of changes brought
by this new type of settlement. Therefore, less efforts are put in this
programme and few people join these settlements. On the other hand, despite the
willingness to promote the Imidugudu, the Government of Rwanda hasn’t been able
to establish economically and socially viable Imidugudu. Among loopholes, there
is mainly the lack of clear guidance on the policy implementation, the lack of
legal framework and limited resources. Therefore, most of imidugudu are still
unplanned settlements around roads and markets and according to the recent data
from the Rwanda Housing Authority (RHA) the coverage is very low (only 20%).
- 3. The
research
Using
a participatory and multisectoral approaches, this research will explore
thoroughly the current status of rural settlements in Rwanda with a particular
accent to the 4 districts in which the Partnership for Peaceful Rural
Transformation project is implemented. The research will undertake analysis of
the linkages between current rural settlements and sustainable land management
in terms of policy and community practices, possible gaps will be identified
and policy recommendations articulated.
a participatory and multisectoral approaches, this research will explore
thoroughly the current status of rural settlements in Rwanda with a particular
accent to the 4 districts in which the Partnership for Peaceful Rural
Transformation project is implemented. The research will undertake analysis of
the linkages between current rural settlements and sustainable land management
in terms of policy and community practices, possible gaps will be identified
and policy recommendations articulated.
It’s
also important to note that this research is expected to examine opportunities
associated with the Imidugudu settlements from different angles of its
inhabitants wellbeing (e.g. from the perspective of employment creation,
supporting food security, preserving environment and building climate change
resilience as well as accessing goods and services) including
implications on vulnerable groups including women, youth and landless.
also important to note that this research is expected to examine opportunities
associated with the Imidugudu settlements from different angles of its
inhabitants wellbeing (e.g. from the perspective of employment creation,
supporting food security, preserving environment and building climate change
resilience as well as accessing goods and services) including
implications on vulnerable groups including women, youth and landless.
3.1.
The methodology
The methodology
International
Alert is looking for a team of consultants composed of an international
consultant in charge of research coordination and report production and a
national consultant who will assist the international consultant on aspects of
context and language knowledge, as well as data collection. The international
consultant must provide a qualified local partner playing the role of national
consultant, negotiate with him/her all the technical, financial and calendar
issues and ensure efficient team work.
Alert is looking for a team of consultants composed of an international
consultant in charge of research coordination and report production and a
national consultant who will assist the international consultant on aspects of
context and language knowledge, as well as data collection. The international
consultant must provide a qualified local partner playing the role of national
consultant, negotiate with him/her all the technical, financial and calendar
issues and ensure efficient team work.
Through
the application and alongside the financial proposal, all applicants are
requested to submit a technical proposal outlining the understanding of the
assignment, the detailed methodology as well as the data collection schedule.
The technical and financial proposals will form the basis of bids evaluation.
Once the consultants hired, International Alert will review the technical
proposal and the lead consultant will be requested to present the data
collection tools. Once approved, International Alert will organise the start-up
meeting with key stakeholders launching the research. Throughout the research
process, Alert will also ensure logistics either for field meetings or
interviews in Kigali.
the application and alongside the financial proposal, all applicants are
requested to submit a technical proposal outlining the understanding of the
assignment, the detailed methodology as well as the data collection schedule.
The technical and financial proposals will form the basis of bids evaluation.
Once the consultants hired, International Alert will review the technical
proposal and the lead consultant will be requested to present the data
collection tools. Once approved, International Alert will organise the start-up
meeting with key stakeholders launching the research. Throughout the research
process, Alert will also ensure logistics either for field meetings or
interviews in Kigali.
The
research is expected to primarily make use of existing documentation from
public and private institutions including the Ministry of Natural Resources
(MINIRENA), the Rwanda Natural Resources Authority (RNRA), the Rwanda
Environment Management Authority (REMA), FONERWA, the Ministry of agriculture
(MINAGRI), MINIJUST, and NGOs projects including the USAID Land Project managed
by Chemonics, RISD, RCN, Justice et Democratie, … as well as
International Alert and partners.
research is expected to primarily make use of existing documentation from
public and private institutions including the Ministry of Natural Resources
(MINIRENA), the Rwanda Natural Resources Authority (RNRA), the Rwanda
Environment Management Authority (REMA), FONERWA, the Ministry of agriculture
(MINAGRI), MINIJUST, and NGOs projects including the USAID Land Project managed
by Chemonics, RISD, RCN, Justice et Democratie, … as well as
International Alert and partners.
Under
the leadership of the International Consultant, data will be gathered in the
four (4) focal districts targeting at least 2 Sectors from each district. In
this regard, researchers will interview the population and the local
authorities as well as other relevant stakeholders at local level either
individually or in focus groups. To complement the field data, interviews will
also be conducted at the national level with planners and decision makers from
the public/private institutions mentioned above. A special attention will be
paid to youth and women’s participation in this research for a greater
understanding of gender dimensions of rural transformation in Rwanda.
the leadership of the International Consultant, data will be gathered in the
four (4) focal districts targeting at least 2 Sectors from each district. In
this regard, researchers will interview the population and the local
authorities as well as other relevant stakeholders at local level either
individually or in focus groups. To complement the field data, interviews will
also be conducted at the national level with planners and decision makers from
the public/private institutions mentioned above. A special attention will be
paid to youth and women’s participation in this research for a greater
understanding of gender dimensions of rural transformation in Rwanda.
3.2.
Expected deliverables
Expected deliverables
The
final output of the Research will be a
report (approximately 30 pages) to the International Alert Rwanda Country
Manager. It will include responses on the following key questions:
final output of the Research will be a
report (approximately 30 pages) to the International Alert Rwanda Country
Manager. It will include responses on the following key questions:
- What’s
the status of the rural settlements (Imidugudu) in the four focal
districts? (how many sites in each district, how many people live in
Imidugudu, which kind of infrastructure; - What
are the reasons to be established in Imidugudu; - What
are opportunities and risks related to land management in Imidugudu - What’s
the status of access to goods and services including health, education,
water, sanitation, energy in Imidugudu - After
establishing in Imidugudu, did the households income increase or decrease
and why; - What’s
the role of Imidugudu in preserving the environment and promoting climate
change resilience - What
are gender dimensions of imidugudu settlements? Implications on GBV and
women’s empowerment as well as that of young generation? - What’s
the impact of Imidugudu settllements on food security: increased
productivity? Storage facilities? - What
are the linkages between Imidugudu and other land reform programmes
policies including land use consolidation, Crop intensification and
environment policy.
The
lead consultant is expected to present a draft report no later than 2 weeks
after data collection. This draft report will be submitted to key stakeholders
for validation.
lead consultant is expected to present a draft report no later than 2 weeks
after data collection. This draft report will be submitted to key stakeholders
for validation.
3.3.
The audience and use of findings
The audience and use of findings
The
research report will be published and disseminated to local and international
audience for lobbying and advocacy. International Alert and partners expect
also to use it for future programming.
research report will be published and disseminated to local and international
audience for lobbying and advocacy. International Alert and partners expect
also to use it for future programming.
3.4.
Consultants’ Tasks
Consultants’ Tasks
Both
consultants will be responsible for:
consultants will be responsible for:
- Reviewing
and analysing relevant national policies and programmes related to
rural development - Designing
tools and methodology for data collection of both qualitative and
quantitative data
- Collecting
data using questionnaire and focus group discussions among methods to be
agreed between the consultants and International Alert - Analysing
data and draw relevant findings - Conveying
actionable recommendations - Submitting
a draft report to International Alert; - Presenting
the draft report in a validation workshop to be organised by International
alert and local partners - Submitting
to Alert the final report soft copy and 2 hard copies
The
international consultant will lead the research. In this regard, he/she will
oversee all the tasks above and be responsible for the research report.
The local consultant will bring in the research his/her local knowledge of the
context, will organise interviews and groups discussions and will translate
from Kinyarwanda to English where necessary for the International consultant.
international consultant will lead the research. In this regard, he/she will
oversee all the tasks above and be responsible for the research report.
The local consultant will bring in the research his/her local knowledge of the
context, will organise interviews and groups discussions and will translate
from Kinyarwanda to English where necessary for the International consultant.
3.5.
Qualifications of consultants
Qualifications of consultants
The
consultants should have an advanced degree either in development studies, rural
development, economics or other related field (preferably PhD for the
international consultant) and must have prior experience in working with and
carrying out research on areas related to rural development. In addition,
consultants should have an advanced degree either in development studies, rural
development, economics or other related field (preferably PhD for the
international consultant) and must have prior experience in working with and
carrying out research on areas related to rural development. In addition,
The
international/lead consultant should:
international/lead consultant should:
- Possess
a good knowledge of ‘peace building’ - Have
led at least three relevant pieces of research - Possess
a critical mind and be capable of writing reports in English
The
local Consultant or Assistant Consultant
is required to have:
local Consultant or Assistant Consultant
is required to have:
–
Proven ability to facilitate group discussions and be capable of synthesising
people’s opinions
Proven ability to facilitate group discussions and be capable of synthesising
people’s opinions
–
A good Knowledge of land reforms in Rwanda;
A good Knowledge of land reforms in Rwanda;
–
Participated in at least three pieces of research
Participated in at least three pieces of research
–
Fluency in Kinyarwanda and English
Fluency in Kinyarwanda and English
The
assessment of consultants falls to International Alert based on the technical
and financial proposal as well as the consultants’ CV provided by the lead
consultant.
assessment of consultants falls to International Alert based on the technical
and financial proposal as well as the consultants’ CV provided by the lead
consultant.
3.6.
Duration
Duration
The
research will last no more
than 25 days in the period 15 December 2014- 27th
February 2015. The draft report is expected no later than 15 February 2015. The
consultancy will be for a maximum of 40 person/days; 25 days for the
international consultant and 15 days for the local (assistant) consultant.
research will last no more
than 25 days in the period 15 December 2014- 27th
February 2015. The draft report is expected no later than 15 February 2015. The
consultancy will be for a maximum of 40 person/days; 25 days for the
international consultant and 15 days for the local (assistant) consultant.
3.7 Application
By
3rd December 2014,
interested consultants (individuals or firms) should submit to the following
email address: Rwanda@international-alert.org or to
International Alert, Rwanda Office a 2-3 page technical proposal. This should
briefly describe how the consultant understands the context and the assignment,
the most efficient methodology to be used and how his/her professional
experience matches the topic and qualifications listed above and the schedule
for the assignment. They will also submit Curriculum vitae and propose the
budget. According to the grant requirements, only US citizens are eligible to
apply for this research.
3rd December 2014,
interested consultants (individuals or firms) should submit to the following
email address: Rwanda@international-alert.org or to
International Alert, Rwanda Office a 2-3 page technical proposal. This should
briefly describe how the consultant understands the context and the assignment,
the most efficient methodology to be used and how his/her professional
experience matches the topic and qualifications listed above and the schedule
for the assignment. They will also submit Curriculum vitae and propose the
budget. According to the grant requirements, only US citizens are eligible to
apply for this research.
[1]
EDPRS 2013-2018, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Republic of
Rwanda, 2013, p.9
EDPRS 2013-2018, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Republic of
Rwanda, 2013, p.9
[2]
EDPRS 2013-2018, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Republic of
Rwanda, 2013, p.37
EDPRS 2013-2018, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Republic of
Rwanda, 2013, p.37
[3]
Updated version of the National Human Settlement Policy in Rwanda, Ministry of
Infrastructure, Republic of Rwanda, May 2009, pp. 12-13
Updated version of the National Human Settlement Policy in Rwanda, Ministry of
Infrastructure, Republic of Rwanda, May 2009, pp. 12-13
