The various
hazards of occupational health with references to
hazards of occupational health with references to
·
Physical hazards
Physical hazards
·
Chemical hazard
Chemical hazard
·
Biological
hazard on ionizing radiation
Biological
hazard on ionizing radiation
Physical hazard
Is a type
occupational hazard that involves environmental
hazards that can cause harm with or without contact physical hazards
includes ergonomic hazards, radiation,
heat and cold stress, vibration hazard,
and noise hazard. Engineering control is often used to mitigate physical
hazards. Physical hazards are common sources of injures in many industries.
They are perhaps unavoidable in certain industries, such as construction and
mining but over time people have developed safety methods and produces to
manage the risks of physical danger in the workplace employment of children may
pose special problems an engineering workshop specializing in the fabrication
of welding equipment (PPE) at work regulation 1992.
occupational hazard that involves environmental
hazards that can cause harm with or without contact physical hazards
includes ergonomic hazards, radiation,
heat and cold stress, vibration hazard,
and noise hazard. Engineering control is often used to mitigate physical
hazards. Physical hazards are common sources of injures in many industries.
They are perhaps unavoidable in certain industries, such as construction and
mining but over time people have developed safety methods and produces to
manage the risks of physical danger in the workplace employment of children may
pose special problems an engineering workshop specializing in the fabrication
of welding equipment (PPE) at work regulation 1992.
It is an
employee’s duty to provide all equipment including clothing affording
protection against the weather which is intended to be worn or held by a person
at work which protects him against one or more risks to his health and safety.
In a fabrication and welding workshop an employer would be required to provide
face and eye protection, safety foot wear, overalls and other necessary PPE.
employee’s duty to provide all equipment including clothing affording
protection against the weather which is intended to be worn or held by a person
at work which protects him against one or more risks to his health and safety.
In a fabrication and welding workshop an employer would be required to provide
face and eye protection, safety foot wear, overalls and other necessary PPE.
Falls
Falls are
a common cause of occupational injuries and fatalities especially in
construction, extraction, transportation, health care, and building cleaning
and maintenance.
a common cause of occupational injuries and fatalities especially in
construction, extraction, transportation, health care, and building cleaning
and maintenance.
Machines
Machines
are commonplace in many industries, including manufacturing, mining,
construction and agriculture, and can be dangerous to workers. Many machines
involve moving parts, sharp edges, hot surfaces and other hazards with the
potential to crush, burn, cut, shear, stab, or otherwise strike or wound
workers it used unsafely. Various safety measures exist to minimize these
hazards including lockout tag out procedure for machine maintenance and roll
over protection systems for vehicles.
are commonplace in many industries, including manufacturing, mining,
construction and agriculture, and can be dangerous to workers. Many machines
involve moving parts, sharp edges, hot surfaces and other hazards with the
potential to crush, burn, cut, shear, stab, or otherwise strike or wound
workers it used unsafely. Various safety measures exist to minimize these
hazards including lockout tag out procedure for machine maintenance and roll
over protection systems for vehicles.
According
to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, machine – related injuries
were responsible for 64/170 cases that required day away from work in 2008.
More than a quarter of these cases required more than 31 days spent away from
work that same year, machines were the primary or secondary source of over 600
work related facilities. Machines are also often involved indirectly in workers
deaths and injuries, such as in cases in which worker ships and falls possibly
upon a sharp or pointed object. Power tools, used in many industries, present a
number of hazards due to sharp moving parts, vibration, or noise. The
transportation sector bears many risks for the health of commercial drivers,
too, for example .from vibrations, or noise. The transportation sector bears
many risks for the health of commercial drives too for example from vibration
long periods of sitting, work stress and exhaustion. The problem occurs in
Europe but in other parts of the world the situation is even worse. More
drivers die in accidents due to security defects in vehicles. Long waiting time
at borders because that drivers are
away from home and family much longer and even increase the risk of HIV
infections
to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, machine – related injuries
were responsible for 64/170 cases that required day away from work in 2008.
More than a quarter of these cases required more than 31 days spent away from
work that same year, machines were the primary or secondary source of over 600
work related facilities. Machines are also often involved indirectly in workers
deaths and injuries, such as in cases in which worker ships and falls possibly
upon a sharp or pointed object. Power tools, used in many industries, present a
number of hazards due to sharp moving parts, vibration, or noise. The
transportation sector bears many risks for the health of commercial drivers,
too, for example .from vibrations, or noise. The transportation sector bears
many risks for the health of commercial drives too for example from vibration
long periods of sitting, work stress and exhaustion. The problem occurs in
Europe but in other parts of the world the situation is even worse. More
drivers die in accidents due to security defects in vehicles. Long waiting time
at borders because that drivers are
away from home and family much longer and even increase the risk of HIV
infections
Confined spaces
Confined
space also present a work hazard. The national
institute for occupational safety and health (NIOSH) definition “confirmed
space’’ as having limited openings for entry and exit and unfavorable natural
ventilation and which is not intended for continuous employee occupancy. Spaces
of the kind can include storage tank, ship compartments, sewers, and pipelines
confined spaces can pose a hazard not just to workers, but also to people who
try to rescue them.
space also present a work hazard. The national
institute for occupational safety and health (NIOSH) definition “confirmed
space’’ as having limited openings for entry and exit and unfavorable natural
ventilation and which is not intended for continuous employee occupancy. Spaces
of the kind can include storage tank, ship compartments, sewers, and pipelines
confined spaces can pose a hazard not just to workers, but also to people who
try to rescue them.
Noise
Noise
also presents a fairly common work place hazard. Occupational hearing loss is the
most common work related injury in the United States, with 22 million workers
exposed to hazardous noise levels at work and an estimated $242 million spent
annually on workers compensation for hearing loss disability. Noise is not the
only source of occupational hearing loss, exposure to chemicals such as
aromatic solvents and metals including lead, arsenic, and mercury can also
cause hearing loss. Naturally noise is more of concern for certain occupations
than others.
also presents a fairly common work place hazard. Occupational hearing loss is the
most common work related injury in the United States, with 22 million workers
exposed to hazardous noise levels at work and an estimated $242 million spent
annually on workers compensation for hearing loss disability. Noise is not the
only source of occupational hearing loss, exposure to chemicals such as
aromatic solvents and metals including lead, arsenic, and mercury can also
cause hearing loss. Naturally noise is more of concern for certain occupations
than others.
Temperature
Temperature
extremes can also pose a danger to workers. Heat stress can cause heat stroke, exhaustion cramps, and
sweaty palm or dizziness, all of which increase the risk of other injuries
.Workers near hot surfaces or steam also
are at risk for burns. Dehydration may
also result from overexposure to heat.
Cold stress also poses a danger to many workers. Overexposure to cold
conditions or extreme cold can lead to hypotherma, frostbite, trench foot, or
chilblains.
extremes can also pose a danger to workers. Heat stress can cause heat stroke, exhaustion cramps, and
sweaty palm or dizziness, all of which increase the risk of other injuries
.Workers near hot surfaces or steam also
are at risk for burns. Dehydration may
also result from overexposure to heat.
Cold stress also poses a danger to many workers. Overexposure to cold
conditions or extreme cold can lead to hypotherma, frostbite, trench foot, or
chilblains.
Electricity
Electricity
poses danger to many workers. Electrical injuries can be divided into four
types: Fatal electrocution, electric shock, burns and falls caused by contact
with electric energy.
poses danger to many workers. Electrical injuries can be divided into four
types: Fatal electrocution, electric shock, burns and falls caused by contact
with electric energy.
Chemical hazard
A
chemical hazards is a type of occupational hazards caused by exposure to
chemicals in the work place can cause acute or
long term detrimental health effects. There are many types of hazardous
chemicals including neurotoxins immune agents, dermatologic agents,
carcinogens, reproductive toxins, systemic toxins, asthmagens, pneumocononistic
agents and sensitizers. These hazards can cause physical and or health risks
depending on chemical, the hazards involved may be varied thus it is impotents
to know and apply the PPE especially during the lab. Long term exposure to
chemicals such as silicatust, engine
exhausts, tobacco smoke, and lead Camong other) have been shown to increase
risk of heart disease, stroke and high blood pressure.
chemical hazards is a type of occupational hazards caused by exposure to
chemicals in the work place can cause acute or
long term detrimental health effects. There are many types of hazardous
chemicals including neurotoxins immune agents, dermatologic agents,
carcinogens, reproductive toxins, systemic toxins, asthmagens, pneumocononistic
agents and sensitizers. These hazards can cause physical and or health risks
depending on chemical, the hazards involved may be varied thus it is impotents
to know and apply the PPE especially during the lab. Long term exposure to
chemicals such as silicatust, engine
exhausts, tobacco smoke, and lead Camong other) have been shown to increase
risk of heart disease, stroke and high blood pressure.
Types of hazards
1.
Liquid
such as acids, solvents especially if they do not have a label
Liquid
such as acids, solvents especially if they do not have a label
2.
Vapors
and fumes
Vapors
and fumes
3.
Flammable
materials
Flammable
materials
Chemical
can change the physical state depending on temperature or pressure thus it is
important to identify the health risk as these state can determine the
potential write the chemical will take. For example, gas state chemicals can be absorbed by the skin.
can change the physical state depending on temperature or pressure thus it is
important to identify the health risk as these state can determine the
potential write the chemical will take. For example, gas state chemicals can be absorbed by the skin.
Routes to
exposure
exposure
– Ingestion
– Inhalation from fumes
– Poising
– Explosion.
Symbols
Hazards pictographs
are a type of labeling system that averts individuals efficiently at a quick
glance if there are hazardous chemicals present. The symbol help identify if
the chemical that are going to be in use may potentially cause physical harm or
hard to the environment. The symbols are distinctive as they are shaped with a
diamond with red borders.
are a type of labeling system that averts individuals efficiently at a quick
glance if there are hazardous chemicals present. The symbol help identify if
the chemical that are going to be in use may potentially cause physical harm or
hard to the environment. The symbols are distinctive as they are shaped with a
diamond with red borders.
These
signs can be divided into
signs can be divided into
1.
Explosive
(exploding bomb)
Explosive
(exploding bomb)
2.
Flammable
(flame
Flammable
(flame
3.
Oxidizing
(flame above a circle)
Oxidizing
(flame above a circle)
4.
Corrosive
(corrosion of table and hand)
Corrosive
(corrosion of table and hand)
5.
Acute
toxicity (skull and crossbones)
Acute
toxicity (skull and crossbones)
6.
Hazardous
to environment (dead tress and fish)
Hazardous
to environment (dead tress and fish)
7.
Health
hazard/ hazardous to the ozone layer (exclamation mark).
Health
hazard/ hazardous to the ozone layer (exclamation mark).
8.
Serious
health hazard (cross on a human s any changes. The silhouette).
Serious
health hazard (cross on a human s any changes. The silhouette).
9.
Gas under
pressure (gas cylinder)
Gas under
pressure (gas cylinder)
These
pictographs are also subdivided into class and categories for each class fictive
the assignment for each chemical depends on their type and the severity
pictographs are also subdivided into class and categories for each class fictive
the assignment for each chemical depends on their type and the severity
FIRST AID
In case
of emergency, it is recommended to understand the first aid procedures in order
to memorize any changes. The different types of chemicals will cause a variety of
damage but the majority of sources recommended that it is best to rinse any
contacted skin or eye with water for at least 120 -20 minutes currently, there
is insufficient evidence of how long the rinsing should be done as the degree
of impact will rainy for substances such as corrosive chemicals. However there
recommend flush time is as follows.
of emergency, it is recommended to understand the first aid procedures in order
to memorize any changes. The different types of chemicals will cause a variety of
damage but the majority of sources recommended that it is best to rinse any
contacted skin or eye with water for at least 120 -20 minutes currently, there
is insufficient evidence of how long the rinsing should be done as the degree
of impact will rainy for substances such as corrosive chemicals. However there
recommend flush time is as follows.
1.
5
minutes- non to mil irritants
5
minutes- non to mil irritants
2.
15-20 minutes moderate to severe irritants and
chemical that cause acute toxicity. 30 minutes- most corrosives
15-20 minutes moderate to severe irritants and
chemical that cause acute toxicity. 30 minutes- most corrosives
3.
60
minutes- strong alkalis such as sodium,
potassium or calcium hydroxide
immediately flush the affected area additionally transporting the affected person to a health care facility is important depending
on the victims condition in the case that the victim need to be transported
before the recommended flush, then
flushing should be done during the transportation process. It is to note that
some chemical manufacturers may state the specific type of cleansing agents that is recommended.
60
minutes- strong alkalis such as sodium,
potassium or calcium hydroxide
immediately flush the affected area additionally transporting the affected person to a health care facility is important depending
on the victims condition in the case that the victim need to be transported
before the recommended flush, then
flushing should be done during the transportation process. It is to note that
some chemical manufacturers may state the specific type of cleansing agents that is recommended.
Long term risk
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
A
2017 SBU report found evidence that
workplace exposure to Sihea dust, engine
exhaust or welding fumes is associated with heat disease. Associations also exist for exposure to
reserve, benoprenes, lead, dynamite, carbon disulphide, carbon monoxide metal working fluids and occupational
exposure to tobacco smoke.
Working with the electrolytic production of aluminum or the production
of paper when the sulphate produced, is
associated with stroke. pulping process is used is associated with heart
disease. An association was also found between heart disease and exposure to
contain work environments, such as phenol acids containing TCDD (choxin) or
asbestos work place exposures to silica dust or asbestos is also associated
with pulmonary heart disease. There is evidence that workplace exposure to
lead, carbon disulphide, phenexy acids containing TCDD, as well as working in
an environment where aluminum is being electrolytically produced, is associated
with stroke
2017 SBU report found evidence that
workplace exposure to Sihea dust, engine
exhaust or welding fumes is associated with heat disease. Associations also exist for exposure to
reserve, benoprenes, lead, dynamite, carbon disulphide, carbon monoxide metal working fluids and occupational
exposure to tobacco smoke.
Working with the electrolytic production of aluminum or the production
of paper when the sulphate produced, is
associated with stroke. pulping process is used is associated with heart
disease. An association was also found between heart disease and exposure to
contain work environments, such as phenol acids containing TCDD (choxin) or
asbestos work place exposures to silica dust or asbestos is also associated
with pulmonary heart disease. There is evidence that workplace exposure to
lead, carbon disulphide, phenexy acids containing TCDD, as well as working in
an environment where aluminum is being electrolytically produced, is associated
with stroke
Biological Hazards
Biological
hazards, also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances that pose a
threat to the health of living organisms, primaly that of humans . this can
include samples of a micro organism.
Virus or toxin (from a biological source) that can affects human heath
it can also include substances harmful or other animals. The term and its associated symbol are
generally used as a warning, so that
those potentially exposed to the substances will know to take precautions. The
biohazards symbol was developed in 1966 by Charles Baldwin, an environmental
health engineer working for the dow chemical company on the containment
products. It is used in the tabeling of
biological materials that carry a significant health risk including viral
samples and used hypodermic needles
hazards, also known as biohazards, refer to biological substances that pose a
threat to the health of living organisms, primaly that of humans . this can
include samples of a micro organism.
Virus or toxin (from a biological source) that can affects human heath
it can also include substances harmful or other animals. The term and its associated symbol are
generally used as a warning, so that
those potentially exposed to the substances will know to take precautions. The
biohazards symbol was developed in 1966 by Charles Baldwin, an environmental
health engineer working for the dow chemical company on the containment
products. It is used in the tabeling of
biological materials that carry a significant health risk including viral
samples and used hypodermic needles
Classification
Bio –
hazardous agents are classified for transportation by un number
hazardous agents are classified for transportation by un number
– Category A, un 2814- infectious substance in a from
capable of causing permanents disability or life threatening humans or animals
when exposure to it occurs.
capable of causing permanents disability or life threatening humans or animals
when exposure to it occurs.
– Category A,
un 2900- infectious substances, affecting animals (only): an infectious substances that is not
in a form generally capable of causing permanent disability or life threatening
or total disease in otherwise healthy human and animals when exposure to
themselves occurs
un 2900- infectious substances, affecting animals (only): an infectious substances that is not
in a form generally capable of causing permanent disability or life threatening
or total disease in otherwise healthy human and animals when exposure to
themselves occurs
– Category B. UN 3373- biological substance
transported for diagnostic or investigative purposes regulated medical waste, UN 3291- waste or
reusable material derived from biomedical
research which includes the production and testing.
transported for diagnostic or investigative purposes regulated medical waste, UN 3291- waste or
reusable material derived from biomedical
research which includes the production and testing.
Levels of biohazards
The United
States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) categories various
disease in levels of biohazard. Level 7
being minimum risk and level of being
extreme risk laboratories and other
facilities are categorized as BSL (biosafety level) 1-4 or as pl through P4 for short (pathogen or protection level).
States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) categories various
disease in levels of biohazard. Level 7
being minimum risk and level of being
extreme risk laboratories and other
facilities are categorized as BSL (biosafety level) 1-4 or as pl through P4 for short (pathogen or protection level).
– Bio hazard level 1 – bacteria and viruses including bacillus subtills, canine hepatitis, Escherichia coli,
varicella (chicken pox) as well as some cell cultures and non-infections
bacteria. At this level precautions against
the biohazard us material in question are minimized most likely
involving gloses and some sort of facial protection
varicella (chicken pox) as well as some cell cultures and non-infections
bacteria. At this level precautions against
the biohazard us material in question are minimized most likely
involving gloses and some sort of facial protection
– Biohazard level 2- bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to human, or are
difficult to contract via gerosol in a
lab setting such as hepatitis A,B, and C
some influencing a strains lym disease,
salmonella, mumps meosils scrapia, dangue, fever, HIV routine diagnostic work with clinical
specimen can be done safely at Biosafetly
levcel 2 using biosafety level 2 practices and procedures research
work concluding co-cultivation virus reputation studies or manipulations
involving concentrated virus) can be done in a B.S.l – 2 (p2) facility using
Bsl- practices and procedures.
difficult to contract via gerosol in a
lab setting such as hepatitis A,B, and C
some influencing a strains lym disease,
salmonella, mumps meosils scrapia, dangue, fever, HIV routine diagnostic work with clinical
specimen can be done safely at Biosafetly
levcel 2 using biosafety level 2 practices and procedures research
work concluding co-cultivation virus reputation studies or manipulations
involving concentrated virus) can be done in a B.S.l – 2 (p2) facility using
Bsl- practices and procedures.
– Biohazards level 3: bacteria and viruses that can cause severe to total disease in human
but for which vaccines or other treatment exist, such as anthrax, west Nile
virus, Nenezuelan equine encephalitis,
SARs virus, MERS corona virus, hanta
viruses, tuberculosis, typhus rift valley fever, rocky mountain sported fever,
yellow fever and malaria.
but for which vaccines or other treatment exist, such as anthrax, west Nile
virus, Nenezuelan equine encephalitis,
SARs virus, MERS corona virus, hanta
viruses, tuberculosis, typhus rift valley fever, rocky mountain sported fever,
yellow fever and malaria.
– Biohazards levels 4: viruses that cause sever to total disease in
humans, and for which vaccines other treatment are not available, such as Bolivian hemorrhagic
fever, marbury virus, Ebola virus, lassa fever virus, Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever, and other
hemorrhagic disease and rishibola. Varriola virus (small pox) is agents that is
worked with a BSL-4 despite the existence of a vaccine, as it has been
eradicate. When dealing with biological
hazards at this level the use of a positive pressire personal suit, with a
segregated air supply is mandatory. The entrance are supply, is mandatory. The
entrance and exit of level four biolab m will contain multiple showers, a
vacuum room, an ultraviolet light room, autonomons detection system and other
safety precautions design to destroy all
trances of the biohazard multiple air locks are employed and are electronically
secured to prevent bot doors opening at the same time. All air and water
service going to and coming from a biosafely level 4 (P4) lab will undergo similar decontamination
procedures to eliminate the possibility of an accidental release currently there are no bacteria classified at
this level.
humans, and for which vaccines other treatment are not available, such as Bolivian hemorrhagic
fever, marbury virus, Ebola virus, lassa fever virus, Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever, and other
hemorrhagic disease and rishibola. Varriola virus (small pox) is agents that is
worked with a BSL-4 despite the existence of a vaccine, as it has been
eradicate. When dealing with biological
hazards at this level the use of a positive pressire personal suit, with a
segregated air supply is mandatory. The entrance are supply, is mandatory. The
entrance and exit of level four biolab m will contain multiple showers, a
vacuum room, an ultraviolet light room, autonomons detection system and other
safety precautions design to destroy all
trances of the biohazard multiple air locks are employed and are electronically
secured to prevent bot doors opening at the same time. All air and water
service going to and coming from a biosafely level 4 (P4) lab will undergo similar decontamination
procedures to eliminate the possibility of an accidental release currently there are no bacteria classified at
this level.
Symbol
The
biohazard symbol was developed by the dow chemical company in 1966 for their
containment products. According to Charles Baldwin, an environmental health
engineer who contributed to the development we wanted something that was
memorable but meaningless, so we could educate people as to what it means in
article he wrote for science in 1967, the symbol was presented as the new Standard
for all biological hazards (biohazards) the article explained that over 40
symbols were drawn up by down artists, and all the symbols investigated had to
meet a number of criteria.
biohazard symbol was developed by the dow chemical company in 1966 for their
containment products. According to Charles Baldwin, an environmental health
engineer who contributed to the development we wanted something that was
memorable but meaningless, so we could educate people as to what it means in
article he wrote for science in 1967, the symbol was presented as the new Standard
for all biological hazards (biohazards) the article explained that over 40
symbols were drawn up by down artists, and all the symbols investigated had to
meet a number of criteria.
Biophysical and biological effects of ionizing radiation
Introduction
This passage cover basic biophysical and
biological effects of lionizing radiation in order to form a foundation for
understanding the clinical aspects of radiation injury discussed this extended
discussion of radiation injury discussed. This extended discussion of radiation discussed. This extended
discussion of radiation will be the most important causes of casualties after a
nuclear explosion blast and thermal injuries however, radiation effects are
considerably more complex and varied than are blast or thermal effects and
are subject to considerable
misunderstanding. As a result, a more detailed discussion is warranted. Since
data from human experience are limited, much of the information in this passage
is based upon experimental information from animal studies. A wide range of biological changes may follow
the irradiation of an animal, raying from rapid death following high doses of
penetrating whole body radiation to an essentially doses of penetrating whole body
radiation to an essentially normal life for a variable period of time until the development of delayed radiation
effects, in a portion of the exposed population, following low dose exposures.
The nature and severity of these changes will depend upon a great variety of
biological and physical factors these are significant vanutions in response to
irradistion associated with differences in species, age and other biological
factors as well as the physical factors
of dose, close rat, or nature of the radiation. However, the biological
responses to radiation are not usage. They fall within the range of standard
tissue responses seen following other type of injury and occur as a result of
similar biochemical and/or cell kinetic disturbances. As a result the wide
range of effects which is possible can be organized into a predictable scheme,
the details of which from the basic material.
biological effects of lionizing radiation in order to form a foundation for
understanding the clinical aspects of radiation injury discussed this extended
discussion of radiation injury discussed. This extended discussion of radiation discussed. This extended
discussion of radiation will be the most important causes of casualties after a
nuclear explosion blast and thermal injuries however, radiation effects are
considerably more complex and varied than are blast or thermal effects and
are subject to considerable
misunderstanding. As a result, a more detailed discussion is warranted. Since
data from human experience are limited, much of the information in this passage
is based upon experimental information from animal studies. A wide range of biological changes may follow
the irradiation of an animal, raying from rapid death following high doses of
penetrating whole body radiation to an essentially doses of penetrating whole body
radiation to an essentially normal life for a variable period of time until the development of delayed radiation
effects, in a portion of the exposed population, following low dose exposures.
The nature and severity of these changes will depend upon a great variety of
biological and physical factors these are significant vanutions in response to
irradistion associated with differences in species, age and other biological
factors as well as the physical factors
of dose, close rat, or nature of the radiation. However, the biological
responses to radiation are not usage. They fall within the range of standard
tissue responses seen following other type of injury and occur as a result of
similar biochemical and/or cell kinetic disturbances. As a result the wide
range of effects which is possible can be organized into a predictable scheme,
the details of which from the basic material.
Nuclear radiation
A wide
variety of lionizing radiation can
interact with biological system, but there are only four types of radiation
associated with atmospheric and underground unclear denotions of biological synificance, in order
of importance, they are ganma, neutron, data and alpha. The physical natures of
these are discussed at layth. However, certain aspects of their mechanisms of
interaction with living tissue are summarized here.
variety of lionizing radiation can
interact with biological system, but there are only four types of radiation
associated with atmospheric and underground unclear denotions of biological synificance, in order
of importance, they are ganma, neutron, data and alpha. The physical natures of
these are discussed at layth. However, certain aspects of their mechanisms of
interaction with living tissue are summarized here.
Gamma radiation
Gamma
radiation, emitted during the nuclear detonation or later in fallouts, is so
penetrating that a significant part will
pass through the human body without interaction. About 75% of the photons will
interact with and lose energy to the atoms of the target tissue. This energy deposition
may occur anywhere along a given photons path, and therefore, anywhere in the
body it the gamma photon flues id high and the whole body is exposed, a fairly
homogeneous deposition of energy will occur. This is in marked contact to the
highly localized energy deposition patterns of alpha and delta radiation.
Because of it penetrating ability the effects of gamma irradiation can be
independents of the location of the source, (i.e, internal or external
deposited within the body can result in total body irradiation, just as
effectively as external sources, it the quantities deposited are large enough
and despite the fact that the emitters may not be distributed uniformly
throughout the body.
radiation, emitted during the nuclear detonation or later in fallouts, is so
penetrating that a significant part will
pass through the human body without interaction. About 75% of the photons will
interact with and lose energy to the atoms of the target tissue. This energy deposition
may occur anywhere along a given photons path, and therefore, anywhere in the
body it the gamma photon flues id high and the whole body is exposed, a fairly
homogeneous deposition of energy will occur. This is in marked contact to the
highly localized energy deposition patterns of alpha and delta radiation.
Because of it penetrating ability the effects of gamma irradiation can be
independents of the location of the source, (i.e, internal or external
deposited within the body can result in total body irradiation, just as
effectively as external sources, it the quantities deposited are large enough
and despite the fact that the emitters may not be distributed uniformly
throughout the body.
Neutron radiation
Since
neutrons are uncharged particles and can react only with the nuclear of target
atoms, the probability of interaction of target atoms, the probability of
interaction of neutrons in the energy
range characteristic of the fission spectrum do not ion during their path through the human body
is roughly comparable to that of low energy gamma photons. Therefore neutron
radiation can result in whole body irradiation. The energy deposition will not
be uniform, and the side of the body which faces the detonation will absorb
more than difference, although of great theoretical interest, is not of
operation importance the major effect of this non uniform deposition of energy
will be to cause a wide venation in the typical radiation doses causing
radiation sickness rather than significant variation in the overall chemical
effects. As noted above, neutrons since they are uncharged neutral particles,
to not interact with the orbital electrons of atoms as do other form of
radiation instead they interact with atomic nuclei directly. Because of them
mass and energy, neutrons can cause severe disruption in atomic structure,
typically causing a electrons this is much more common with the very height
atoms, particularly hydrogen, since the mass of the photon making up the
nucleus of common hydrogen is the major target atom in living tissue. When the nuclear
of these latter are accelerated they are capable of causing dense lionization
along their paths.
neutrons are uncharged particles and can react only with the nuclear of target
atoms, the probability of interaction of target atoms, the probability of
interaction of neutrons in the energy
range characteristic of the fission spectrum do not ion during their path through the human body
is roughly comparable to that of low energy gamma photons. Therefore neutron
radiation can result in whole body irradiation. The energy deposition will not
be uniform, and the side of the body which faces the detonation will absorb
more than difference, although of great theoretical interest, is not of
operation importance the major effect of this non uniform deposition of energy
will be to cause a wide venation in the typical radiation doses causing
radiation sickness rather than significant variation in the overall chemical
effects. As noted above, neutrons since they are uncharged neutral particles,
to not interact with the orbital electrons of atoms as do other form of
radiation instead they interact with atomic nuclei directly. Because of them
mass and energy, neutrons can cause severe disruption in atomic structure,
typically causing a electrons this is much more common with the very height
atoms, particularly hydrogen, since the mass of the photon making up the
nucleus of common hydrogen is the major target atom in living tissue. When the nuclear
of these latter are accelerated they are capable of causing dense lionization
along their paths.
In
biological material, elastic collisions of this type between neutrons and the
nuclei of light weight atoms predominate. Due to their short range, the
accelerated nuclei produced by these collisions will expend their energy along
short tracks of high excitation and lonigation density in tissue about 70% to
85% of the entire fast neutron energy is
transferred to recoil hydrogen nuclei. The reminder of the neutron energy is
dissipated in recoil nuclear of the other atoms noted above.
biological material, elastic collisions of this type between neutrons and the
nuclei of light weight atoms predominate. Due to their short range, the
accelerated nuclei produced by these collisions will expend their energy along
short tracks of high excitation and lonigation density in tissue about 70% to
85% of the entire fast neutron energy is
transferred to recoil hydrogen nuclei. The reminder of the neutron energy is
dissipated in recoil nuclear of the other atoms noted above.
After the
neutrons have lost most of their energy through these collisions, they will
reach an equilibrium energy state in which they are referred to as thermal
neutrons. Such relatively slow moving neutrons have a high probability of being
captured by the nuclei of a wide variety
of elements such as sodium. The resulting materials are radioactive and
generally decay rapidly. The resulting tissue irradiation is not a significant
factors in radiation injury since the total energy released by the decay of
these radioactive materials is extremely SM al compared to the total energy
absorbed from the neutrons by elastic collisions. However, the quantities can
be measured and can be used to estimate neutron doses in limited number of
casualties.
neutrons have lost most of their energy through these collisions, they will
reach an equilibrium energy state in which they are referred to as thermal
neutrons. Such relatively slow moving neutrons have a high probability of being
captured by the nuclei of a wide variety
of elements such as sodium. The resulting materials are radioactive and
generally decay rapidly. The resulting tissue irradiation is not a significant
factors in radiation injury since the total energy released by the decay of
these radioactive materials is extremely SM al compared to the total energy
absorbed from the neutrons by elastic collisions. However, the quantities can
be measured and can be used to estimate neutron doses in limited number of
casualties.
Biological hazards
Biological
hazards also know as biohazards refers to biological substances that pose a
threats to the biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living
organisms, primarily that of human this can include samples of micro organisms,
virus or toxin (from a biological
source) that can affect human health it
can also include substances harmful to other animals. The term and its
associated symbol are generally used as a warning, so that those potentially
exposed to the substances will know to take precautions. The biohazard symbol
was developed in 1966 by Charles Baldwin, an environmental health engineer
working for the Dow chemical company on the containment products. It is used in
the labeling of biological materials that carry
a significant health risk, including viral samples and used hypodermic
needles in Unicode, the biohazards symbol is
“11+2623 (1)
hazards also know as biohazards refers to biological substances that pose a
threats to the biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living
organisms, primarily that of human this can include samples of micro organisms,
virus or toxin (from a biological
source) that can affect human health it
can also include substances harmful to other animals. The term and its
associated symbol are generally used as a warning, so that those potentially
exposed to the substances will know to take precautions. The biohazard symbol
was developed in 1966 by Charles Baldwin, an environmental health engineer
working for the Dow chemical company on the containment products. It is used in
the labeling of biological materials that carry
a significant health risk, including viral samples and used hypodermic
needles in Unicode, the biohazards symbol is
“11+2623 (1)
Classification
Bio
hazardous agent are classified for transportation by un number
hazardous agent are classified for transportation by un number
– Category A, un 2814- infections substances
affecting huma: an infections substances in a form capable of causing permanent
disability of life treating or fatal disease in other wise health human or
animals when exposure to themselves occurs
affecting huma: an infections substances in a form capable of causing permanent
disability of life treating or fatal disease in other wise health human or
animals when exposure to themselves occurs
– Category B, un 3373- biological substances transported for diagnostic or investigative purposes
– Regulated medical waste, un 3291 – waste or
reusable material derived from medical treatment of an animal or human or from
biomedical research which includes the production and testing
reusable material derived from medical treatment of an animal or human or from
biomedical research which includes the production and testing
Levels of biohazard
– Bio hazard level 1 – bacteria and viruses including bacillus subtills, canine hepatitis, Escherichia coli,
varicella (chicken pox) as well as some cell cultures and non-infections bacteria.
At this level precautions against the
biohazard us material in question are minimized most likely involving glasses
and some sort of facial protection
varicella (chicken pox) as well as some cell cultures and non-infections bacteria.
At this level precautions against the
biohazard us material in question are minimized most likely involving glasses
and some sort of facial protection
– Biohazard level 2- bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to human, or are
difficult to contract via gerosol in a
lab setting such as hepatitis A,B, and C
some influencing a strains lym disease,
salmonella, mumps meosils scrapia, dangue, fever, HIV routine diagnostic work with clinical
specimen can be done safely at Biosafety
level 2 using biosafety level 2 practices and procedures research
work concluding co-cultivation virus reputation studies or manipulations
involving concentrated virus) can be done in a B.S.l – 2 (p2) facility using
Bsl- practices and procedures.
difficult to contract via gerosol in a
lab setting such as hepatitis A,B, and C
some influencing a strains lym disease,
salmonella, mumps meosils scrapia, dangue, fever, HIV routine diagnostic work with clinical
specimen can be done safely at Biosafety
level 2 using biosafety level 2 practices and procedures research
work concluding co-cultivation virus reputation studies or manipulations
involving concentrated virus) can be done in a B.S.l – 2 (p2) facility using
Bsl- practices and procedures.
– Biohazards level 3: bacteria and viruses that can cause severe to total disease in
human but for which vaccines or other treatment exist, such as anthrax, west
Nile virus, Nenezuelan equine encephalitis,
SARs virus, MERS corona virus, hanta
viruses, tuberculosis, typhus rift vally fever, rocky mountain sported fever,
yello fever and malaria.
human but for which vaccines or other treatment exist, such as anthrax, west
Nile virus, Nenezuelan equine encephalitis,
SARs virus, MERS corona virus, hanta
viruses, tuberculosis, typhus rift vally fever, rocky mountain sported fever,
yello fever and malaria.
– Biohazards levels 4: viruses that cause sever to total disease in
humans, and for which vaccines other treatment are not available, such as Bolivian hemorrhagic
fever, marbury virus, Ebola virus, lassa fever virus, Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever, and other
hemorrhagic disease and rishibola. Varriola virus (small pox) is agents that is
worked with a BSL-4 despite the existence of a vaccine, as it has been
eradicate. When dealing with biological
hazards at this level the use of a positive pressire personal suit, with a
segregated air supply is mandatory. The entrance are supply, is mandatory. The
entrance and exit of level four biolab m will contain multiple showers, a
vacuum room, an ultraviolet light room, autonomons detection system and other
safety precautions design to destroy all
trances of the biohazard multiple air locks are employed and are electronically
secured to prevent bot doors opening at the same time. All air and water
service going to and coming from a biosafely level 4 (P4) lab will undergo similar decontamination
procedures to eliminate the possibility of an accidental release currently there are no bacteria classified at
this level.
humans, and for which vaccines other treatment are not available, such as Bolivian hemorrhagic
fever, marbury virus, Ebola virus, lassa fever virus, Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever, and other
hemorrhagic disease and rishibola. Varriola virus (small pox) is agents that is
worked with a BSL-4 despite the existence of a vaccine, as it has been
eradicate. When dealing with biological
hazards at this level the use of a positive pressire personal suit, with a
segregated air supply is mandatory. The entrance are supply, is mandatory. The
entrance and exit of level four biolab m will contain multiple showers, a
vacuum room, an ultraviolet light room, autonomons detection system and other
safety precautions design to destroy all
trances of the biohazard multiple air locks are employed and are electronically
secured to prevent bot doors opening at the same time. All air and water
service going to and coming from a biosafely level 4 (P4) lab will undergo similar decontamination
procedures to eliminate the possibility of an accidental release currently there are no bacteria classified at
this level.
Symbol
The
biohazard symbol was developed by the dow chemical company in 1966 for their
containment products. According to Charles Baldwin, an environmental health
engineer who contributed to the development we wanted something that was
memorable but meaningless, so we could educate people as to what it means in article he wrote for
scince in 1967, the symbol was presented
as the new Stanclard for all biological hazards (biohazards) the article
explained that over 40 symbols were drawn up by
dow artists, and all the symbols investigated had to meet a number of
criteria.
biohazard symbol was developed by the dow chemical company in 1966 for their
containment products. According to Charles Baldwin, an environmental health
engineer who contributed to the development we wanted something that was
memorable but meaningless, so we could educate people as to what it means in article he wrote for
scince in 1967, the symbol was presented
as the new Stanclard for all biological hazards (biohazards) the article
explained that over 40 symbols were drawn up by
dow artists, and all the symbols investigated had to meet a number of
criteria.
1.
Striking
in form order draw immediate attention
Striking
in form order draw immediate attention
2.
Unique
and unambiguous, in order not to be confused with symbols used other purpose
Unique
and unambiguous, in order not to be confused with symbols used other purpose
3.
quickly
recognizable and easily recalled
quickly
recognizable and easily recalled
4.
symmetrical,
in order to appear identical from all anfus
of approach.
symmetrical,
in order to appear identical from all anfus
of approach.
5.
Acceptable
to group of varying ethnic backgrounds
Acceptable
to group of varying ethnic backgrounds
The
chosen symbol scored the best on nationwide testing for memorability. The
design was first specified in 39 Fe 23680 but was dropped in the
succeeding in amendment however, various
us states adopted the specific control
for their state code. There are
four circle within the symbol, signifying the chain of infection
chosen symbol scored the best on nationwide testing for memorability. The
design was first specified in 39 Fe 23680 but was dropped in the
succeeding in amendment however, various
us states adopted the specific control
for their state code. There are
four circle within the symbol, signifying the chain of infection
1.
Agent –
the type of micro organism, chat causes infection or hazardous condition
Agent –
the type of micro organism, chat causes infection or hazardous condition
2.
Host- the
organism in which the micro organism
originate. The cornier host might not show symptoms
Host- the
organism in which the micro organism
originate. The cornier host might not show symptoms
3.
Transmission
– the means of transmission mostly direct or indirect, some direct contact and contaminated surface
Transmission
– the means of transmission mostly direct or indirect, some direct contact and contaminated surface