National development
plan
plan
The development of the Nigeria health system is
divided into four. Before independence, from 1960 to 1975, 1975 to 1985 and
1980 to pressure.
divided into four. Before independence, from 1960 to 1975, 1975 to 1985 and
1980 to pressure.
1.
Before
independence
Before
independence
There was no defined system with this era, moreover
health services were mainly provided by native doctors, herbalist and
traditional birth attendance. The colonial master in Nigeria have their own
doctors, their treat, their families and staff. The first attempt of planning
ahead for the development of health services in Nigeria have place in 1980, as
part of the exercise which produce the overall ten years plan for development
and water (1940 – 1966) covering all aspects of government activities in Nigeria.
health services were mainly provided by native doctors, herbalist and
traditional birth attendance. The colonial master in Nigeria have their own
doctors, their treat, their families and staff. The first attempt of planning
ahead for the development of health services in Nigeria have place in 1980, as
part of the exercise which produce the overall ten years plan for development
and water (1940 – 1966) covering all aspects of government activities in Nigeria.
2. 1960 –
1975: In this era there was much
emphasis on creative care, government build many health facilities but the
population was not covered the plan failed because of the following reasons
1975: In this era there was much
emphasis on creative care, government build many health facilities but the
population was not covered the plan failed because of the following reasons
i) No community involvement (ii)There was inadequate population
coverage (iii) More emphasis was laid on curative care (iv)There was poor
management of health system (v) No proper coordination (vi)Poor principle
allocation and no proper distribution (vii)No self reliance and self
determination (viii)There was inadequate logistic support.
coverage (iii) More emphasis was laid on curative care (iv)There was poor
management of health system (v) No proper coordination (vi)Poor principle
allocation and no proper distribution (vii)No self reliance and self
determination (viii)There was inadequate logistic support.
3.
1975 – 1985: This is the third national development plan.
It gave rise to Nigeria basic health service scheme (NBHSS) which receive the
assistance of WHO 1975 – 1980. In many 1975, the 30th world health
assembly decided that the main social target of government and world health
organization (WHO) in the coming decades should be the attained by the people
of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will promote them to
live a socially and economically produce life. This statement of in adaption is
popularly refers to as health for all in the year 2000. Following this, in 12th
September 1978, an international conference was held by (WHO) member state in
the town known as Alma-Ata in the former U.S.S.R. during the conference which
Nigeria was included. The WHO made a declaration that primary health care is
the key to attained health for all by the year 2000 and that it should be
adopted by all member of states level. The plan lay emphasis on prevalence
services and made attempts to reach the grass roots as there was increase
population coverage.
1975 – 1985: This is the third national development plan.
It gave rise to Nigeria basic health service scheme (NBHSS) which receive the
assistance of WHO 1975 – 1980. In many 1975, the 30th world health
assembly decided that the main social target of government and world health
organization (WHO) in the coming decades should be the attained by the people
of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will promote them to
live a socially and economically produce life. This statement of in adaption is
popularly refers to as health for all in the year 2000. Following this, in 12th
September 1978, an international conference was held by (WHO) member state in
the town known as Alma-Ata in the former U.S.S.R. during the conference which
Nigeria was included. The WHO made a declaration that primary health care is
the key to attained health for all by the year 2000 and that it should be
adopted by all member of states level. The plan lay emphasis on prevalence
services and made attempts to reach the grass roots as there was increase
population coverage.
1985 – present
This era centred on the PHC implementation in which
Nigeria as a signatory to the Alma – Ata declaration was fully enforced in
Nigeria which enabled health for all by the year 2000 are beyond. This means
all the people can attain level of health to length a socially, economically
and produce life. The following are the strategy adopted to achieve PHC
objectives.
Nigeria as a signatory to the Alma – Ata declaration was fully enforced in
Nigeria which enabled health for all by the year 2000 are beyond. This means
all the people can attain level of health to length a socially, economically
and produce life. The following are the strategy adopted to achieve PHC
objectives.
(i)There will be three tiers system of health care
(ii)The federal state and local govt. shall support in a coordinated manner
(iii)There should be muti–sectoral approach (iv)There should be community
involvements and participation (v)There should be proper development of managerial
process of all level (vi)There should be scheme for essential drugs (vii)There
should be an organized workshop system (viii)There should be manpower
development (ix)There should be organized monitoring and evaluation system (x)There
should be development of technology, research and financial. Since 1986, the
federal ministry of health has been developing PHC especially of the grass
roots level using the above strategies.
(ii)The federal state and local govt. shall support in a coordinated manner
(iii)There should be muti–sectoral approach (iv)There should be community
involvements and participation (v)There should be proper development of managerial
process of all level (vi)There should be scheme for essential drugs (vii)There
should be an organized workshop system (viii)There should be manpower
development (ix)There should be organized monitoring and evaluation system (x)There
should be development of technology, research and financial. Since 1986, the
federal ministry of health has been developing PHC especially of the grass
roots level using the above strategies.
Problems/challenges
of PHC in Nigeria
of PHC in Nigeria
(i)Less community involvement (ii)There was inadequate
population coverage (iii)Inadequate or absence of intersect oral collaboration (iv)Economic
hardship and nutritional problem and the communities (v)Political instability (frequent
changes in leadership and policy inconsistency (vi)Lack of interest and poor
finding by the local government authority (vii)Shortage of manpower / drug
facilities (viii)Delayed implementation of already made policy (ix)Personnel
habit (x)Environmental problem (xi)Cultural theories and practice (x)No
appropriate technology.
population coverage (iii)Inadequate or absence of intersect oral collaboration (iv)Economic
hardship and nutritional problem and the communities (v)Political instability (frequent
changes in leadership and policy inconsistency (vi)Lack of interest and poor
finding by the local government authority (vii)Shortage of manpower / drug
facilities (viii)Delayed implementation of already made policy (ix)Personnel
habit (x)Environmental problem (xi)Cultural theories and practice (x)No
appropriate technology.
The present
In 1986 the national health submit was held at Abuja
where the Abuja health declaration was made the purpose of if was to braise the
national health system are examine the factor hindering progress in the sector.
The period 2000 – 2015 the up met and reconstructed the PHC policy to millennium
development goals (MDGS) which were to be achieved in 2015. The goals are
summarized below:
where the Abuja health declaration was made the purpose of if was to braise the
national health system are examine the factor hindering progress in the sector.
The period 2000 – 2015 the up met and reconstructed the PHC policy to millennium
development goals (MDGS) which were to be achieved in 2015. The goals are
summarized below:
(i)Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger (ii)Achievement
of universal primary education (iii)Promoting gender quality and empowering
women (iv)Reducing child mortality (v)Improve maternal health (vi)Combat
HIV/.Aids malaria and disease (vii)Environmental sustainability (viii)Develop a
global partnership.
of universal primary education (iii)Promoting gender quality and empowering
women (iv)Reducing child mortality (v)Improve maternal health (vi)Combat
HIV/.Aids malaria and disease (vii)Environmental sustainability (viii)Develop a
global partnership.
Forms of health
care
care
There are two forms, formal and informal
Formal: This is
orthodox health care with well trained professional health worker with a well
planned and organization and a referral system.
orthodox health care with well trained professional health worker with a well
planned and organization and a referral system.
Informal: This are
services rendered by relatives of victim and federalization centre they are not
well organized and do not have referral system.
services rendered by relatives of victim and federalization centre they are not
well organized and do not have referral system.
Concept of
formal health system including source of care and various taboos and theories
associated with them
formal health system including source of care and various taboos and theories
associated with them
There are about four major sources of health care
delivery in Nigeria which are
delivery in Nigeria which are
(i)Traditional sources (ii)Homeopathic sources (iii)Prayer
houses (iv)Orthodox sources.
houses (iv)Orthodox sources.
Traditional
sources: This is the
main source of health care in communities today. The health care is rendered by
technical healers such as the native doctors, herbalist (root doctor) bone
setters, traditional birth attendant etc.
sources: This is the
main source of health care in communities today. The health care is rendered by
technical healers such as the native doctors, herbalist (root doctor) bone
setters, traditional birth attendant etc.
Characteristics
of traditional medicine
of traditional medicine
·
The traditional medical practitioner
uses leaves, root, fruits, feathers, shells, eggs, power etc. in treating
illness.
The traditional medical practitioner
uses leaves, root, fruits, feathers, shells, eggs, power etc. in treating
illness.
·
Traditional medicine is not scientific because
it sometimes involves superstition, guessing and use of magic.
Traditional medicine is not scientific because
it sometimes involves superstition, guessing and use of magic.
·
The traditional medicine, immunization
against certain diseases and attacks by evil spirit is achieved by making scarification
on the brain, neck, fingers and toe.
The traditional medicine, immunization
against certain diseases and attacks by evil spirit is achieved by making scarification
on the brain, neck, fingers and toe.
·
The traditional healing often handed
over from a further to his son hence if tends to run in family.
The traditional healing often handed
over from a further to his son hence if tends to run in family.
2. Homeopathic sources: In this source, health care delivery is by
untrained and unskilled individuals who belief that they know how something
they contribute traditional method and orthodox methods. This is the system of
medical practice based on the attempts to let like cure like which means that a
sustained that produce certain symptoms in a healthy individual with cure those
in a sick individual e.g. onions which cause crying when brought close to the
eyes and watering discharge from the nose is used to treat cold.
untrained and unskilled individuals who belief that they know how something
they contribute traditional method and orthodox methods. This is the system of
medical practice based on the attempts to let like cure like which means that a
sustained that produce certain symptoms in a healthy individual with cure those
in a sick individual e.g. onions which cause crying when brought close to the
eyes and watering discharge from the nose is used to treat cold.
Characteristic
of homeopathic medicine
of homeopathic medicine
1. Diseases are
treated by the administration in minute doses of drugs, which would produce in
healthy person symptoms like those of the disease being treated.
treated by the administration in minute doses of drugs, which would produce in
healthy person symptoms like those of the disease being treated.
2. Homeopathic
remedies are discovered though a process called proving. By proving, various
substance are administered to healthy people and their effects carefully
observed.
remedies are discovered though a process called proving. By proving, various
substance are administered to healthy people and their effects carefully
observed.
3. Patients are
given only one remedy of a time the homeopathic physician believe that using
combinations of remedies interferes with the effectiveness of the each
particular remedy.
given only one remedy of a time the homeopathic physician believe that using
combinations of remedies interferes with the effectiveness of the each
particular remedy.
4. Many
homeopathic remedies contain substance that could be toxic or hazardous to
people if given in large doses
homeopathic remedies contain substance that could be toxic or hazardous to
people if given in large doses
3). Prayer
House/Spiritual Healing
House/Spiritual Healing
This
is the source which renders spiritual healing as health care delivery. The
spiritual healing is type of healing cause delivery system which include
individual who claims God’s anointing and directives that uses prayer’s,
fasting counselling and faith in God to achieve healthy.
is the source which renders spiritual healing as health care delivery. The
spiritual healing is type of healing cause delivery system which include
individual who claims God’s anointing and directives that uses prayer’s,
fasting counselling and faith in God to achieve healthy.
Characteristics
of Spiritual Healings
of Spiritual Healings
(i)Mode of breathing of spiritual Healing and from one
religion to the other, but faith of the patients in the practice is a common
factor (ii)Spiritual healers do not standardized training hence anybody can
rise one day and become a spiritual healer, by opening a prayer house (iii)Healing
a believed to be followed according to God directives (iv)Some spiritual
healers perform sacrifices to achieve healing and cleaning
religion to the other, but faith of the patients in the practice is a common
factor (ii)Spiritual healers do not standardized training hence anybody can
rise one day and become a spiritual healer, by opening a prayer house (iii)Healing
a believed to be followed according to God directives (iv)Some spiritual
healers perform sacrifices to achieve healing and cleaning
Orthodox source
This is also a major source of health care delivery in
Nigeria. It involves scientific method by trained and skilled health service
providers. Broadly, it is the scientific approach to healing prevention of
disease making use of thermotherapy diagnoses, surgery radiotherapy, dietetics and
the education of patients/client on disease prevention. The source of treatment
include orthodox facilities such as hospitals, clinics, maternity homes, health
post, health centres while orthodox medical practitioners. May include doctors,
nurses, community health worker etc
Nigeria. It involves scientific method by trained and skilled health service
providers. Broadly, it is the scientific approach to healing prevention of
disease making use of thermotherapy diagnoses, surgery radiotherapy, dietetics and
the education of patients/client on disease prevention. The source of treatment
include orthodox facilities such as hospitals, clinics, maternity homes, health
post, health centres while orthodox medical practitioners. May include doctors,
nurses, community health worker etc
Characteristic
of orthodox medicine
of orthodox medicine
(i)Orthodox medicine is scientific because it is based
on knowledge derived from careful study experiment (ii)There are specializations
in orthodox medicine and one medical practitioner cannot treat every illness
(iii)Orthodox medicine it standardized worldwide (iv)Orthodox medicine in
Nigeria is organized in three (3)The primary level which is the entry point,
the secondary level and tertiary level (v) Referral is made when necessary from
primary level to the secondary level which specialized services are given
finding to the tertiary level for highly specialized service/care.
on knowledge derived from careful study experiment (ii)There are specializations
in orthodox medicine and one medical practitioner cannot treat every illness
(iii)Orthodox medicine it standardized worldwide (iv)Orthodox medicine in
Nigeria is organized in three (3)The primary level which is the entry point,
the secondary level and tertiary level (v) Referral is made when necessary from
primary level to the secondary level which specialized services are given
finding to the tertiary level for highly specialized service/care.
Theories of
disease causation
disease causation
1.
Traditional
Africa theory: Cultural and religion belief, This believe that
disease are attributed to anger of God deities, supernatural beings wicked
follow men and the anger of ancestors, they believe in natural cause e.g. cough
cold, preternatural causes by acts of evil persons, witches and sorcerers
mental illness mystical cause an seen to an anger of deities and ancestors e.g.
famine, epidemics of disease
Traditional
Africa theory: Cultural and religion belief, This believe that
disease are attributed to anger of God deities, supernatural beings wicked
follow men and the anger of ancestors, they believe in natural cause e.g. cough
cold, preternatural causes by acts of evil persons, witches and sorcerers
mental illness mystical cause an seen to an anger of deities and ancestors e.g.
famine, epidemics of disease
2. Divine and demonic theory: Disease God is
believe to inflict on people to punish them for disobedience ex 12: 29 –
34 demon also inflict disease e.g. job
in job 1 : 9 – 12
believe to inflict on people to punish them for disobedience ex 12: 29 –
34 demon also inflict disease e.g. job
in job 1 : 9 – 12
3. Miasmatic theory: This theory
believe poisonous substance from decaying animal or vegetable matter a rising
to pollute air then when breathed in cause disease.
believe poisonous substance from decaying animal or vegetable matter a rising
to pollute air then when breathed in cause disease.
4. Humoral theory of disease: This is of the
opinion that health of body depends on four body humours or body fluid which
are blood hot or wet and black bile cold and dry the proper balance of the
fluids gives health while any imbalance causes illness
opinion that health of body depends on four body humours or body fluid which
are blood hot or wet and black bile cold and dry the proper balance of the
fluids gives health while any imbalance causes illness
5. Magnetic theory
of disease formulated by a German physician Frederick Mesher. He explained that
disease cause metallic disturbance within the human body
of disease formulated by a German physician Frederick Mesher. He explained that
disease cause metallic disturbance within the human body
6. Christian science theory of disease: The theory by
the faith full says that disease are cause by false hood and that people should
seek truth and faith for solution and when murder and sick stronger members
designated to offer prayer for replacement of face hood with faith
the faith full says that disease are cause by false hood and that people should
seek truth and faith for solution and when murder and sick stronger members
designated to offer prayer for replacement of face hood with faith
7. Psychogenic theory of disease: This theory
says that emotional disturbance course disease.
says that emotional disturbance course disease.
8. Subluxation theory of disease: This theory
place emphasis on mechanism and neurological relation sing and that disease are
cause by spinal disturbances.
place emphasis on mechanism and neurological relation sing and that disease are
cause by spinal disturbances.
9. Stress theory disease: It says that
stress of the cause of disease.
stress of the cause of disease.
10. Ecologic theory of disease: This theory
view disease causation as negative intervention between the component of health
mental, emotional, physical, social spiritually and the determinants of health
(general environment and personal factors).
view disease causation as negative intervention between the component of health
mental, emotional, physical, social spiritually and the determinants of health
(general environment and personal factors).
Causes of
disease
disease
The causes of disease in or society are:
(i)Social causes: social causes are education
lifestyle, poverty, riches, attitude, urbanization habits, smoking, drinking,
eating habits, drug addicts (ii)Cultural causes:- these are valves, customs,
belief in orals religion, traditions (iii)Psychological causes:- anger,
depression, anxiety stress, frustration (iv)Biological causes:- insects,
micro-organisms, rodents, and other animals (v)Physical causes:- They are
non-living things, air water, soil housing, heat, light, house, radiation etc.
lifestyle, poverty, riches, attitude, urbanization habits, smoking, drinking,
eating habits, drug addicts (ii)Cultural causes:- these are valves, customs,
belief in orals religion, traditions (iii)Psychological causes:- anger,
depression, anxiety stress, frustration (iv)Biological causes:- insects,
micro-organisms, rodents, and other animals (v)Physical causes:- They are
non-living things, air water, soil housing, heat, light, house, radiation etc.
Implication of
cultural practices on the causes of disease
cultural practices on the causes of disease
Culture is the way of life of the people however some
cultures are beneficial while others are harmful to health e.g. the refusal of
children eating eggs. It is believed that it will prompt children to be thieves.
It is a harmful practice, because eggs are rich in protein needed by children
for proper development and growth. Snail a good source of iron a taboo to some
community is a harmful practices and female genital mutilation/female
circumcision leads to infection.
cultures are beneficial while others are harmful to health e.g. the refusal of
children eating eggs. It is believed that it will prompt children to be thieves.
It is a harmful practice, because eggs are rich in protein needed by children
for proper development and growth. Snail a good source of iron a taboo to some
community is a harmful practices and female genital mutilation/female
circumcision leads to infection.
Cycle of
poverty and deprivation
poverty and deprivation
Poverty is a state of lack that deprived one from
having what he or she want or needs. A child that is born into poverty and ignorance
invariably inherits various types of health problems such as malnutrition,
diarrhoea, etc. Generation of children rotate within the cycle of poverty and
deprivation e.g. being borne by a poor, ignorant parents leads to having poor
work background and poor feeding leading to attending a poor school à a few obtain
good results à further their
education to tertiary level à take up a good
job of a ripe age à get a pay. Marry
a matured educated girl set up a healthy family. The majority who obtain poor result by
attending poor school become drop outs à take a poor
job as teenager à being poorly paid
à marry a poor teenager
girl à setting up a
family in poor environment à raising
children in poverty and ignorance.
having what he or she want or needs. A child that is born into poverty and ignorance
invariably inherits various types of health problems such as malnutrition,
diarrhoea, etc. Generation of children rotate within the cycle of poverty and
deprivation e.g. being borne by a poor, ignorant parents leads to having poor
work background and poor feeding leading to attending a poor school à a few obtain
good results à further their
education to tertiary level à take up a good
job of a ripe age à get a pay. Marry
a matured educated girl set up a healthy family. The majority who obtain poor result by
attending poor school become drop outs à take a poor
job as teenager à being poorly paid
à marry a poor teenager
girl à setting up a
family in poor environment à raising
children in poverty and ignorance.
Origin of
primary health care
primary health care
12th September 1978 in a conference help in
Alma – Ata in Russia by WHO and UNICEF primary health care was define as
essential health care based on practical scientifically sound and socially
acceptable method and technology made universally accessible to individuals and
families in the community and through their full participation and at a cost
that the community and country can afford of every stage of development in the
spirit of self reliance and self determination. It is the first level of
contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health
system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work
and constitutes the first element of controlling health care process.
Alma – Ata in Russia by WHO and UNICEF primary health care was define as
essential health care based on practical scientifically sound and socially
acceptable method and technology made universally accessible to individuals and
families in the community and through their full participation and at a cost
that the community and country can afford of every stage of development in the
spirit of self reliance and self determination. It is the first level of
contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health
system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work
and constitutes the first element of controlling health care process.
Concept of PHC
The concept of PHC is that is should be close to the
people it serves and is should take care of the major problem of the community.
It is expressed in the following forms:
people it serves and is should take care of the major problem of the community.
It is expressed in the following forms:
(i)Essential (ii)Available and accessible (iii)Acceptable
to the community (iv)Affordable by the community/country
(v)Handle all the major health problem of the community (vi)Effective (vii)Comprehensive
i.e. promotive, preventives curatives and rehabilitates (viii)Inter-sectoral
i.e. works hand in hand with existing health structure (ix)Active community
participation
to the community (iv)Affordable by the community/country
(v)Handle all the major health problem of the community (vi)Effective (vii)Comprehensive
i.e. promotive, preventives curatives and rehabilitates (viii)Inter-sectoral
i.e. works hand in hand with existing health structure (ix)Active community
participation
Components of PHC
The WHO/UNICEF stated eight (8) components for making
PHC objective realizable.
PHC objective realizable.
(i)Health education on prevailing health problem and
the method of controlling them (ii)Environmental sanitation including supply of
sate water (iii)Adequate nutrition and food supply (iv)Maternal and child
health including family planning (v)Immunization against the major communicable
diseases (vi)Prevention and control of locally endemic disease (vii)Appropriate
treatment of common disease and injuries (viii)Provision of essential drugs
the method of controlling them (ii)Environmental sanitation including supply of
sate water (iii)Adequate nutrition and food supply (iv)Maternal and child
health including family planning (v)Immunization against the major communicable
diseases (vi)Prevention and control of locally endemic disease (vii)Appropriate
treatment of common disease and injuries (viii)Provision of essential drugs
Health
education
education
Health education in PHC setting is a way of helping
people to take part in health issues relevant to their interest on a sustain basis.
It involves information, education, and communication.
people to take part in health issues relevant to their interest on a sustain basis.
It involves information, education, and communication.
Environmental
sanitation
sanitation
Environmental sanitation (health) is define as the
control of those factors in man physical surrounding that exercise or may
exercise deleterious effect on man physical social and mental well being. Below
are the areas of environmental sanitation.
control of those factors in man physical surrounding that exercise or may
exercise deleterious effect on man physical social and mental well being. Below
are the areas of environmental sanitation.
(i)Water supply: Potash or wholesome water (ii)Housing
: To prevent common disease with poor housing e.g. pneumonia, cold etc (iii)Food:
The consumption of hygienic food to prevent food borne disease (iv)Vector
control: The control of rodent and mosquito to prevent disease transmitted by
them (v)Air pollution: To prevent disease associated with air pollution (vi)Solid
waste management: To manage solid waste to avoid pollution of the environment
: To prevent common disease with poor housing e.g. pneumonia, cold etc (iii)Food:
The consumption of hygienic food to prevent food borne disease (iv)Vector
control: The control of rodent and mosquito to prevent disease transmitted by
them (v)Air pollution: To prevent disease associated with air pollution (vi)Solid
waste management: To manage solid waste to avoid pollution of the environment
Immunization: This is a
process of immunizing one’s body against, deadly disease especially children
immunized against the six children disease e.g. diphtheria, measles, pertusis,
tetanus, tuberculosis and poliomyelitis. Some of the challenges of immunization
are mobilizing the community non–availabilities of vaccines, education of
parents, mothers completing dosage, cultural factors political etc. it also
involve stores the vaccine being store in cold places from manufactured to
users to ensure the potency of vaccines. It makes use of different equipment
such as refrigerators, freezers cold boxes and vaccine carriers.
process of immunizing one’s body against, deadly disease especially children
immunized against the six children disease e.g. diphtheria, measles, pertusis,
tetanus, tuberculosis and poliomyelitis. Some of the challenges of immunization
are mobilizing the community non–availabilities of vaccines, education of
parents, mothers completing dosage, cultural factors political etc. it also
involve stores the vaccine being store in cold places from manufactured to
users to ensure the potency of vaccines. It makes use of different equipment
such as refrigerators, freezers cold boxes and vaccine carriers.
Prevention and
control of locally endemic disease
control of locally endemic disease
Diseases that are endemic in certain part of the world
should be handled locally e.g. malaria, yellow fever, cholera, guinea worm, etc.
should be handled locally e.g. malaria, yellow fever, cholera, guinea worm, etc.
Appropriate
treatment of common disease and injuries
treatment of common disease and injuries
Common disease and injuries should be handled
effectively without getting worse e.g. cold, cough, diarrhoea, etc. also common
injuries are bruises, dislocation and sprains.
effectively without getting worse e.g. cold, cough, diarrhoea, etc. also common
injuries are bruises, dislocation and sprains.
Provision of
Essential Drug
Essential Drug
Essential Drugs that takes care of the health needs of
the people should be available always.
the people should be available always.
Organization of
PHC
PHC
PHC is organized in such a way that the tiers of
government have their role to play and observed the referral system
government have their role to play and observed the referral system
A.
Roles of Tier
of Government
Roles of Tier
of Government
a. The local
Government which is the lowest and closes government to the people. It is the
duty of the 774 LGAs to carry out PHC activities to the people. The LGAs are
involved in community diagnosis and evaluation of services, immunization
reporting of prevailing cases to the appropriate authorities and keep vaccines
before and after use.
Government which is the lowest and closes government to the people. It is the
duty of the 774 LGAs to carry out PHC activities to the people. The LGAs are
involved in community diagnosis and evaluation of services, immunization
reporting of prevailing cases to the appropriate authorities and keep vaccines
before and after use.
b. State Government: The state
collate data from L.G.A and report same to the Federal Government overseer all
health care delivery in the country if provide guidance and support, it create PHC
centre where necessary. It monitor and evaluate PHC activities it trains the
PHC workers, set policy for all state holders, it receives grants from
international agencies and distribute to other levels for efficient delivery,
it appoints zonal centres/coordination of PHC program of all levels.
collate data from L.G.A and report same to the Federal Government overseer all
health care delivery in the country if provide guidance and support, it create PHC
centre where necessary. It monitor and evaluate PHC activities it trains the
PHC workers, set policy for all state holders, it receives grants from
international agencies and distribute to other levels for efficient delivery,
it appoints zonal centres/coordination of PHC program of all levels.
1. The Referral System: is an organize
way of referring patients with higher cases to higher health institution and
lower cases are referred to lower institution. The reasons for referral system
are: (i)To save lives i.e. lower to higher (ii)To prevent complication (iii)To
reduce cost (iv)To reduce the burden on health facilities e.g. high to lower
whose cases are improving (v)To make others have medical attention where
necessary.
way of referring patients with higher cases to higher health institution and
lower cases are referred to lower institution. The reasons for referral system
are: (i)To save lives i.e. lower to higher (ii)To prevent complication (iii)To
reduce cost (iv)To reduce the burden on health facilities e.g. high to lower
whose cases are improving (v)To make others have medical attention where
necessary.
C. Training of community based workers
Community based workers such as community Health
officers (CHOs), community extension workers (CHEW) matrons, Traditional birth
attendance (TBAs) village health volunteers etc, should be trained and retrained
periodically because they dwell among the people and are the closest to the
people whom they can easily reach.
officers (CHOs), community extension workers (CHEW) matrons, Traditional birth
attendance (TBAs) village health volunteers etc, should be trained and retrained
periodically because they dwell among the people and are the closest to the
people whom they can easily reach.
D.
Community diagnosis
and mobilization
Community diagnosis
and mobilization
Community diagnosis the procedure in which the
community x-ray their problem with the view of providing solution for them
while mobilization involves sensitizing and stimulating the people of the
community towards taking positive action in solving their health problems.
community x-ray their problem with the view of providing solution for them
while mobilization involves sensitizing and stimulating the people of the
community towards taking positive action in solving their health problems.
E.
Finding of PHC activities is
important to enable in delivering them. PHC is funded by international agencies
e.g. (UNICEF, WHO, USAID, DFID and NGO’S) others are the (federal state and
local government) corporate bodies and stakeholders.
Finding of PHC activities is
important to enable in delivering them. PHC is funded by international agencies
e.g. (UNICEF, WHO, USAID, DFID and NGO’S) others are the (federal state and
local government) corporate bodies and stakeholders.
Implementation
of PHC program
of PHC program
Steps in implementation of PHC are as follows
(i)Identifying the major health problems of the
community (ii)Analysis of situation which involve determination of the strength
health services in the community e.g. infrastructure presence, available staff
etc. (iii)Household registration i.e. numbering of houses (iv)Community mobilisation
and formation of committee (v)Training and retraining of workers including
volunteers (v)Zoning of L.G.A. in districts and designation health team to over
see then (vi)Strengthening of existing health facilities and building new one’s
to meet comprehensive PHC function (vii)Monitoring and evaluation of PHC
activities and programmes.
community (ii)Analysis of situation which involve determination of the strength
health services in the community e.g. infrastructure presence, available staff
etc. (iii)Household registration i.e. numbering of houses (iv)Community mobilisation
and formation of committee (v)Training and retraining of workers including
volunteers (v)Zoning of L.G.A. in districts and designation health team to over
see then (vi)Strengthening of existing health facilities and building new one’s
to meet comprehensive PHC function (vii)Monitoring and evaluation of PHC
activities and programmes.
Monitoring area
evaluation of PHC programmes
evaluation of PHC programmes
This involve the monitoring entire process and system
to ensure their effectiveness while evaluation is planned techniques of
learning from experiences to improve, correct or sustain a particular project
through information collected from observation, questionnaire, interview etc
this information gotten from hospital clinic, health centre, records and
personnel.
to ensure their effectiveness while evaluation is planned techniques of
learning from experiences to improve, correct or sustain a particular project
through information collected from observation, questionnaire, interview etc
this information gotten from hospital clinic, health centre, records and
personnel.
