Introduction
Immunology: is the study of the immune
system of lymphocytes, inflammatory cells and associated cells and proteins
which affect an individual’s response antigen is also the scientific study of
the body defence mechanism (immunity) against infection.
system of lymphocytes, inflammatory cells and associated cells and proteins
which affect an individual’s response antigen is also the scientific study of
the body defence mechanism (immunity) against infection.
Immunology: Is the study of resistance to infection. It also includes the use of
rapid and more specific laboratory techniques for the detection and diagnosis
of many disease both infections and non-infection, treatment of disease,
elucidation of the basic of allergies and immune response itself, tissue and
organ transport and immunization procedures.
rapid and more specific laboratory techniques for the detection and diagnosis
of many disease both infections and non-infection, treatment of disease,
elucidation of the basic of allergies and immune response itself, tissue and
organ transport and immunization procedures.
The
early concerns of immunology in relation to body defensive mechanism
early concerns of immunology in relation to body defensive mechanism
Public
health for decades have suffered set back in the hands of infections caused by
micro-organisms are often spread more easily in an unsanitary environment. It
was recognized that micro-organism could cause infection therefore the early
concern of immunology and public health was basically on infections, it mode of
transmission and the intervention measures. Hence the following are the early
concern of immunology.
health for decades have suffered set back in the hands of infections caused by
micro-organisms are often spread more easily in an unsanitary environment. It
was recognized that micro-organism could cause infection therefore the early
concern of immunology and public health was basically on infections, it mode of
transmission and the intervention measures. Hence the following are the early
concern of immunology.
Infections disease: Are disorders
caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many
organisms live in and on our bodies they are normally harmless or even helpful,
but under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. Some infections
diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by bites
from insects or animals and others are acquired by ingestion contaminated food
or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment.
caused by organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many
organisms live in and on our bodies they are normally harmless or even helpful,
but under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. Some infections
diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by bites
from insects or animals and others are acquired by ingestion contaminated food
or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment.
Many infections disease such as measles and chicken
pox can be prevented by
pox can be prevented by
i.
Vaccines
ii.
Frequent
and thorough hand washing also help protect you from most infections disease.
Infections
Agent: They are sticky
little invaders, they sneak, in, use your body and often make you sick in the
process. An infectious agent is something that in filtrates another living
thing like you. When an infectious agent hitches a ride. You have officially
become an infected host. There are four main classes of infectious agent e.g.
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasite. This fab four can infect all sorts of
living things.
Agent: They are sticky
little invaders, they sneak, in, use your body and often make you sick in the
process. An infectious agent is something that in filtrates another living
thing like you. When an infectious agent hitches a ride. You have officially
become an infected host. There are four main classes of infectious agent e.g.
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasite. This fab four can infect all sorts of
living things.
Existence
of micro-organism: The
existence of microscopic organisms has discovered during the period 1665 – 83
by two fellows of the royal society, Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek,
micrographic (1665), Hooke presented the first published depiction of a
micro-organism, Leeuwenhoek observed and described microscopic protozoa and
bacteria. These important revelations were made possible by the ingenuity of
Hooke and Leeuwenhoek in fabricating and using simple microscopes that
magnified objects from about 25 fold to 250 fold. After a lapse of more than
150 years. Microscopy became the backbone of our understanding of the camsation
of infectious diseases and the recycling of chemical elements in the biosphere.
of micro-organism: The
existence of microscopic organisms has discovered during the period 1665 – 83
by two fellows of the royal society, Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek,
micrographic (1665), Hooke presented the first published depiction of a
micro-organism, Leeuwenhoek observed and described microscopic protozoa and
bacteria. These important revelations were made possible by the ingenuity of
Hooke and Leeuwenhoek in fabricating and using simple microscopes that
magnified objects from about 25 fold to 250 fold. After a lapse of more than
150 years. Microscopy became the backbone of our understanding of the camsation
of infectious diseases and the recycling of chemical elements in the biosphere.
Infection
control: Aim to ensure the
protection of those who might be vulnerable to acquiring an infection both to
the general community and while receiving care due to health problems, in a
range of settings. The basic principle of infection prevention and control is
hygiene.
control: Aim to ensure the
protection of those who might be vulnerable to acquiring an infection both to
the general community and while receiving care due to health problems, in a
range of settings. The basic principle of infection prevention and control is
hygiene.
Immunity:
Can be defined as the ability that the body
possesses to combat infection in the broadest sense, it can be defined as the
condition caused by non-infective agents such as tissue transplants, poison,
microbial and parasitic products may be defined as ability to recognize,
destroy, and eliminate the antigen maternal which is forcing to the body
immunity is a settle or condition in which a person cannot be affected by
pathogenic germs. It either natural or artificial.
Can be defined as the ability that the body
possesses to combat infection in the broadest sense, it can be defined as the
condition caused by non-infective agents such as tissue transplants, poison,
microbial and parasitic products may be defined as ability to recognize,
destroy, and eliminate the antigen maternal which is forcing to the body
immunity is a settle or condition in which a person cannot be affected by
pathogenic germs. It either natural or artificial.
Immunization: This is the process of rendering an individual immune or resistant to a
disease. This could be either by the introduction of vaccine into the body by
means of vaccination or injection or by mouth and also through disease attack.
The above method of achieving immunity that is given vaccine by injection or by
mouth is called artificial immunization conferring
artificial immunity while that of disease. Attack is seen as natural
immunization. Conferring natural immunity to the body affected there after
disease. This could be either by the introduction of vaccine into the body by
means of vaccination or injection or by mouth and also through disease attack.
The above method of achieving immunity that is given vaccine by injection or by
mouth is called artificial immunization conferring
artificial immunity while that of disease. Attack is seen as natural
immunization. Conferring natural immunity to the body affected there after
Vaccine:
Vaccines are antigenic preparation which introduced
into the body build its own antibodies. They are formed with respect to the
causative agent of a particular disease and are used to confer specific
immunity to the body through immunization. There are basically two types of
vaccine
Vaccines are antigenic preparation which introduced
into the body build its own antibodies. They are formed with respect to the
causative agent of a particular disease and are used to confer specific
immunity to the body through immunization. There are basically two types of
vaccine
i.
Live
vaccines
Live
vaccines
ii.
Dead
vaccine
Dead
vaccine
Antigen:
This is a substance that can induce detectable
immune response when introduced into the body in other words they are those substances
that when introduce into the body results or induce production of antibodies.
Hence vaccines as well as disease agents are all antigens.
This is a substance that can induce detectable
immune response when introduced into the body in other words they are those substances
that when introduce into the body results or induce production of antibodies.
Hence vaccines as well as disease agents are all antigens.
Antibody:
This is a protein that is produced as a result of
the introduction of an antigen that stimulated its production. The level of
antibodies donates the level of immunity to a disease agent. It is the disease
fighting agent in the body it s generally regarded as immunoglobulin which are
five district group such as IgE, IgM, Igh, IgA and IgD.
This is a protein that is produced as a result of
the introduction of an antigen that stimulated its production. The level of
antibodies donates the level of immunity to a disease agent. It is the disease
fighting agent in the body it s generally regarded as immunoglobulin which are
five district group such as IgE, IgM, Igh, IgA and IgD.
The role of monoclonal antibodies in relation to
phagocytosis
phagocytosis
Phagocytosis
is a process by which a cell often a phagocyte or a protest engulfs a solid particular
to form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome. Monoclonial antibody is an
antibody produced. Artificially from a cell clone and therefore consisting of a
single type of immunoglobulin
is a process by which a cell often a phagocyte or a protest engulfs a solid particular
to form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome. Monoclonial antibody is an
antibody produced. Artificially from a cell clone and therefore consisting of a
single type of immunoglobulin
Monoclonial
antibody are antibody produced by a single clone of cells or cell line and
consisting of identical antibody molecules. Monoclonal antibody are an
essential part of a molecular biological tool kit.
antibody are antibody produced by a single clone of cells or cell line and
consisting of identical antibody molecules. Monoclonal antibody are an
essential part of a molecular biological tool kit.
Antibodies
are protein produced by the B lymphocytes of the immune system in response to
foreign proteins called antigens. Antibodies functions as markers, binding to
antigen so that the antigen molecules can be recognized and destroyed by
phagocytes the part of antigen that the antibody binds to is called the
Epitope. The monoclonal antibody (MAb) EDI is being used widely as a maker for
rat macrophages. The distribution of the recognized antigen in tissue and cells
strongly supports this use as a macrophage marker, since the majority of
macrophages are recognized and only seldomly are other cell types stained by
MAb Edi in the present study we further characterized the recognized antigen by
a defailed description of the localization of antigen and by determining
biochemical and functional properties. We show that the antigen is expressed on
the membranes of cytoplasmic granules, like phagolysosomes as well as on the
cell surface. The amount of Edi expression in a single cell can be correlated
to phagocytic activity of the respective cell type, but the MAb Edi is not to
block latex phagocytosis or bacterial killing. The MAb Edi appears to recognize
a heavily glycosylated protein of 90,000 – 110,000 mw, depending on the cell
type used as antigen source. A possible relation with know lysosomal glycol
proteins with a similar molecular weight discussed.
are protein produced by the B lymphocytes of the immune system in response to
foreign proteins called antigens. Antibodies functions as markers, binding to
antigen so that the antigen molecules can be recognized and destroyed by
phagocytes the part of antigen that the antibody binds to is called the
Epitope. The monoclonal antibody (MAb) EDI is being used widely as a maker for
rat macrophages. The distribution of the recognized antigen in tissue and cells
strongly supports this use as a macrophage marker, since the majority of
macrophages are recognized and only seldomly are other cell types stained by
MAb Edi in the present study we further characterized the recognized antigen by
a defailed description of the localization of antigen and by determining
biochemical and functional properties. We show that the antigen is expressed on
the membranes of cytoplasmic granules, like phagolysosomes as well as on the
cell surface. The amount of Edi expression in a single cell can be correlated
to phagocytic activity of the respective cell type, but the MAb Edi is not to
block latex phagocytosis or bacterial killing. The MAb Edi appears to recognize
a heavily glycosylated protein of 90,000 – 110,000 mw, depending on the cell
type used as antigen source. A possible relation with know lysosomal glycol
proteins with a similar molecular weight discussed.
Uses of monoclonal antibodies
1.
Antibodies
are used in several diagnostic tests to defect small amount of drugs toxins or
hormones. It is use in pregnancy test kits and in the diagnosis of aids
Antibodies
are used in several diagnostic tests to defect small amount of drugs toxins or
hormones. It is use in pregnancy test kits and in the diagnosis of aids
2.
Antibodies
are used in the radioimmuno detection and radio immune therapy of cancer.
Antibodies
are used in the radioimmuno detection and radio immune therapy of cancer.
3.
It is
used to treat viral diseases traditionally considered untreatable
It is
used to treat viral diseases traditionally considered untreatable
4.
Monoclonal
antibodies can be used to classify strains if a single pathogen
Monoclonal
antibodies can be used to classify strains if a single pathogen
5.
Monoclonal
antibodies are used to identify and trace specific cells identify and trace
specific cells or molecules in an organism
Monoclonal
antibodies are used to identify and trace specific cells identify and trace
specific cells or molecules in an organism
6.
It is use
to alleviate the problem or organ rejection in patients who have had organ
transport
It is use
to alleviate the problem or organ rejection in patients who have had organ
transport
Conclusion
The early
concern of immunology have ensure the proper protection of the community at
large in controlling of infections and preventing the embarking proper
intervention measures to protect the public while the monoclonal antibodies and
phagocytosis play an important role in diagnostic test to detect small amount
of drugs toxin or hormones. It is use to treat viral disease which are
traditionally considered untreatable. They can also be use to classily strains
of a single pathogen e. t. c.
concern of immunology have ensure the proper protection of the community at
large in controlling of infections and preventing the embarking proper
intervention measures to protect the public while the monoclonal antibodies and
phagocytosis play an important role in diagnostic test to detect small amount
of drugs toxin or hormones. It is use to treat viral disease which are
traditionally considered untreatable. They can also be use to classily strains
of a single pathogen e. t. c.
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