Tropical diseases

Tropical diseases
with emphasis on

1.
Mode of
transmission

2.
Causes

3.
Agent of
transmission

4.
Treatment

5.
Prevention

Answer

S/N	Tropical disease	Mode of transmission	Causes	Agent of transmission	Treatment	Prevention
1	Scabies	Vector borne	Sarcoptes scabiei (parasite)	Scabies mite	The use of permethrin cream	Avoiding direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person or with items such as clothing or bedding used by an infected person
2	Flavivirus Infections	Vector borne	Hepacivirus, flavivirus, and pestivirus	Infected mosquitoes or ticks	Symptomatic treatment depending on the symptoms presented by patient.	Avoiding insect bites by using insect repellent, covering of arms and legs, and using mosquito net.
3	Neurocysticercosis	Parasitic worm	Taenia solium (ie, pork tapeworm)	Contaminated food	The use of praziquantel and albendazole	Use good food and water safety practices
4	Strongyloidiasis	Faecal-oral	Strongyloides stercoralis, or sometimes S. fülleborni	Contaminated food	The use of ivermectin	Use good food and water safety practices
5	Chagas disease	Vector borne	Trypanosoma cruzi (protozoa)	Triatomine bug	During the acute phase of Chagas disease, the prescription medications benznidazole and nifurtimox may be used	Killing the parasite and managing signs and symptoms.
6	Dengue	Vector borne	Dengue 1-4 (Virus)	Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes	The use acetaminophen (tylenol)	Personal protection and the environmental management of mosquitoes.
7	Helminths	Faecal-oral	Worms (Parasites)	Eggs present in human faeces	The use of broad-spectrum benzimidazoles (such as albendazole and mebendazole	Disrupting the cycle of the worm will prevent infestation and re-infestation.
8	African trypanosomiasis	Vector borne	Trypanosomes (protozoa)	Tse-tse fly	The use of pentamidine	Protection against tse-tse fly bites
9	Leishmaniasis	Vector borne	Leishmania (protozoa)	Sand fly	The use of injectable paromomycin	Protection against sand fly bites.
10	Leprosy	Vector and Infectious	Mycobacterium leprae (bacteria)	Armadillos, gene, cockroaches, and contact with infected persons	The use of daily dapsone and clofazimine along with monthly rifampicin for 12 months.	Early detection and treatment. Also by avoiding contact with the fluid of infected persons.
11	Lymphatic filariasis	Vector borne	nematode worms (parasite)	Mosquitoes	The use of albendazole combined with ivermectin.	Avoidance of mosquito bites through personal protection measures or community-level vector control
12	Malaria	Vector borne	Plasmodium (protozoan parasite)	Mosquitoes	The use of artemether-lumefantrine or chloroquine	Avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent, covering of arms and legs, and using mosquito net.
13	Onchocerciasis (River blindness)	Vector borne	Onchocerca volvulus (parasitic worm)	Black fly	The use of ivermectin	Wearing insect repellant such as N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) on exposed skin, wearing long sleeves and long pants during the day when blackflies bite, and wearing permethrin- treated clothing
14	Schistosomiasis (snail fever)	Vector borne	Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum (parasitic worms)	Flatworm	The use of praziquantel	Avoid swimming or wading in freshwater containing the parasite
15	Tuberculosis	Air borne	Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacteria)	Air	The use of Isoniazid, Rifampin or Ethambutol	Proper ventilation of homes.
16	Hookworm	Faecal-oral	Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanu (parasitic worm)	Eggs present in human faeces	The use of albendazole and mebendazole	Disrupting the cycle of the worm will prevent infestation and re-infestation.
17	Trichuriasis (whipworm)	Faecal-oral	Trichuris trichiura (parasitic worm)	Eggs present in human faeces	The use of albendazole and mebendazole	Disrupting the cycle of the worm will prevent infestation and re-infestation.
18	Buruli ulcer	Vector borne	Mycobacterium ulcerans (bacteria)	Insects (aquatic bugs)	The use of rifampicin and streptomycin	The use of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine
19	Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease)	Vector borne	Dracunculus medinensis (parasitic worm)	Water fleas	The extraction of the adult worm from the patient using a stick at the skin surface	Avoiding the drinking of unsafe water
20	Leptospirosis	Vector borne	Leptospira interrogans (parasitic worm)	Rodents	The use of penicillin or doxycycline.	Avoiding swimming or wading in water that might be contaminated with animal urine, or eliminating contact with potentially infected animals.