Blood perform many important functions within the body, including;
1.
Supply of
oxygen to tissue (bound to hemoglobin, which is carried in red blood cells.
Supply of
oxygen to tissue (bound to hemoglobin, which is carried in red blood cells.
2.
Supply of
nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood
or bound to plasma proteins eg. Blood lipids)
Supply of
nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids (dissolved in the blood
or bound to plasma proteins eg. Blood lipids)
3.
Removal
of waste such as carbondioxide, urea, and lactic acid.
Removal
of waste such as carbondioxide, urea, and lactic acid.
4.
Immunological
functions, including circulation of white blood cells, and detection of foreign
material by antibodies.
Immunological
functions, including circulation of white blood cells, and detection of foreign
material by antibodies.
5.
Coagulation:
The response to a broken blood vessel to conversion of blood from a liquid to a
semisolid gel to stop bleeding.
Coagulation:
The response to a broken blood vessel to conversion of blood from a liquid to a
semisolid gel to stop bleeding.
6.
Messenger
function, including the transport of hormones and the signaling of tissue
damage.
Messenger
function, including the transport of hormones and the signaling of tissue
damage.
7.
Regulation
of core body temperature
Regulation
of core body temperature
(Albert, 2010).
Blood group are inherited, permanent characteristics of an individual
that give rise to antigen-antibody system (Abayomi, 2007). Blood group refers
to the entire blood group system comprising red blood cell (RBC) antigen whose
specificity is controlled by a series of genes which can be allelic or linked
very closely on the same chromosome. Blood type refers to a specific pattern of
reaction to testing antisera within a given system. Karl Landsteiner has been
credited for the discovery of ABO blood group system in 1900.
that give rise to antigen-antibody system (Abayomi, 2007). Blood group refers
to the entire blood group system comprising red blood cell (RBC) antigen whose
specificity is controlled by a series of genes which can be allelic or linked
very closely on the same chromosome. Blood type refers to a specific pattern of
reaction to testing antisera within a given system. Karl Landsteiner has been
credited for the discovery of ABO blood group system in 1900.
His extensive research on serology based on simple but strong scientific
reasoning led to identification of major blood groups such as O, A, and B
types, compatibility testing, and subsequent transfusion practices. He was
awarded Noble Prize in 1930 for this discovery. There are four main blood
types; A, AB, B, and O. AB positive is considered the universal recipient and O
negative is considered the universal donor.
reasoning led to identification of major blood groups such as O, A, and B
types, compatibility testing, and subsequent transfusion practices. He was
awarded Noble Prize in 1930 for this discovery. There are four main blood
types; A, AB, B, and O. AB positive is considered the universal recipient and O
negative is considered the universal donor.
ABO blood groups are inherited, A or B of both antigen on the surface of
the red cell of an individual. The antibodies occur in sera of individual that
lack the corresponding antigen, these antibodies are demonstrated in the
laboratory by the coagulation of the red cells that is the reactions of an individuals red cell
with standard Anti-A and Anti-B sera or serum with standard red cell of group A
and B (Adeoye, 2007).
the red cell of an individual. The antibodies occur in sera of individual that
lack the corresponding antigen, these antibodies are demonstrated in the
laboratory by the coagulation of the red cells that is the reactions of an individuals red cell
with standard Anti-A and Anti-B sera or serum with standard red cell of group A
and B (Adeoye, 2007).
ABO blood group system consist of A, B, AB, and O blood types, people
with type A have antibodies in the blood against type B. people with type B
have B antigen on the red cell and A antibody in the plasma, people with type
AB have no anti-A or anti-B antibodies. People with type AB blood are called
universal recipients, because they can receive any of the ABO types. People
with type O blood are called universal donors, because their blood can be given
to people with any of the ABO types.
with type A have antibodies in the blood against type B. people with type B
have B antigen on the red cell and A antibody in the plasma, people with type
AB have no anti-A or anti-B antibodies. People with type AB blood are called
universal recipients, because they can receive any of the ABO types. People
with type O blood are called universal donors, because their blood can be given
to people with any of the ABO types.
There are various sub-groups of blood, the A blood type contains about
20 sub-groups, of which A1 and A2 are the most common
(over 99%). A1 makes up about 80% of all A-type blood, with A2 making up almost
all of the rest. These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as
transfusion is concerned, as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against A1
antigen. Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood.
People with weak alleles of A can sometimes express anti-A antibodies, through
these are usually not clinically significant as they do not stably interact
with the antigen at the body temperature (Albert, 2010).
20 sub-groups, of which A1 and A2 are the most common
(over 99%). A1 makes up about 80% of all A-type blood, with A2 making up almost
all of the rest. These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as
transfusion is concerned, as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against A1
antigen. Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood.
People with weak alleles of A can sometimes express anti-A antibodies, through
these are usually not clinically significant as they do not stably interact
with the antigen at the body temperature (Albert, 2010).