In the opinion of Mahan (2000), whether
underweight, normal, overweight or obese, your feeding pattern to a large
extend plays a crucial role in addition to your lifestyle, the nature of your
job and your environment. She also when further to state that the rate of your
calorie intake verses energy expended determine your body mass index.
underweight, normal, overweight or obese, your feeding pattern to a large
extend plays a crucial role in addition to your lifestyle, the nature of your
job and your environment. She also when further to state that the rate of your
calorie intake verses energy expended determine your body mass index.
Feeding Pattern and
Underweight
Underweight
To carry out the normal day to day activities, the
body means energy which is provided by intake of food. If your diet is unable
to provide enough calories for the body as compared to the amount of energy
expended in carrying out the normal daily activities, underweight is certainly
to set it. (Gjesdal, 2008). One may be underweight
because poor dietary decision which is not providing enough energy
(calories). This can happen for a number of reasons. Stress or other
emotional problems can sometimes cause a change in eating patterns that is hard
to recognise.
body means energy which is provided by intake of food. If your diet is unable
to provide enough calories for the body as compared to the amount of energy
expended in carrying out the normal daily activities, underweight is certainly
to set it. (Gjesdal, 2008). One may be underweight
because poor dietary decision which is not providing enough energy
(calories). This can happen for a number of reasons. Stress or other
emotional problems can sometimes cause a change in eating patterns that is hard
to recognise.
The are several other reason which can lead to
underweight, they include;
underweight, they include;
·
Sickness.
Sickness.
·
Skipping breakfast or lunch and just eating
snacks on the go
Skipping breakfast or lunch and just eating
snacks on the go
·
Lost your appetite, perhaps because of stress or
worries
Lost your appetite, perhaps because of stress or
worries
·
Trying to lose
weight. Focused on being ‘thin’ or looking a certain way than on being a
healthy weight
Trying to lose
weight. Focused on being ‘thin’ or looking a certain way than on being a
healthy weight
·
Not eating because of
feeling of control or power
Not eating because of
feeling of control or power
Although very many people feel good about themselves
by remaining underweight, Zeratsky (2011) Stated that being underweight can be
bad for your health now and in the future, for the following
reasons:
by remaining underweight, Zeratsky (2011) Stated that being underweight can be
bad for your health now and in the future, for the following
reasons:
·
If you are underweight, you are more likely to be
lacking vital nutrients that your body needs to grow and work properly.
Calcium, for example, is important for the maintenance of strong and healthy
bones. Being underweight increases the risk of osteoporosis (fragile bone
disease) later in life.
If you are underweight, you are more likely to be
lacking vital nutrients that your body needs to grow and work properly.
Calcium, for example, is important for the maintenance of strong and healthy
bones. Being underweight increases the risk of osteoporosis (fragile bone
disease) later in life.
·
If you are not consuming enough iron, you
may develop anaemia (a lack of red blood cells), which leaves you
feeling drained and tired.
If you are not consuming enough iron, you
may develop anaemia (a lack of red blood cells), which leaves you
feeling drained and tired.
- Your immune system is
not 100% when you are underweight, making you more likely to catch a cold,
the flu or other infections. - For women, you may
have interrupted periods and find it difficult to become pregnant.
Women who are underweight can find that their periods stop. This increases
the risk of problems with fertility.
Feeding Pattern and
Overweight or Obesity
Overweight or Obesity
Weight is a product of energy balance: energy intake
versus energy expenditure. There are specific feeding pattern according to
Schlosser (2001) that contribute significantly to overweight and obesity. There
are:
versus energy expenditure. There are specific feeding pattern according to
Schlosser (2001) that contribute significantly to overweight and obesity. There
are:
·
Restaurant and fast food
consumption
Restaurant and fast food
consumption
·
Large portion sizes
Large portion sizes
·
Beverages with Sugar Added
Beverages with Sugar Added
·
Fruits and Vegetables and
Fruits and Vegetables and
·
Breakfast Consumption
Breakfast Consumption
a. Restaurant/Fast Food Consumption
Restaurant and fast food consumption now represents
32% of the total calories ingested per person, or one-third of daily total
energy. The amount of calories consumed per eating occasion is
greater from food prepared away from home as compared with food prepared at
home. Eating restaurant or fast food increases energy intake, and
people who consume this food have a significantly higher odds of being
overweight compared with those who do not eat fast food. There is a positive
association between the frequency of eating restaurant or fast food and
increases in body weight. Thus, multiple lines of evidence indicate that
frequency of eating restaurant or fast food is associated with positive energy
balance and excessive weight.
32% of the total calories ingested per person, or one-third of daily total
energy. The amount of calories consumed per eating occasion is
greater from food prepared away from home as compared with food prepared at
home. Eating restaurant or fast food increases energy intake, and
people who consume this food have a significantly higher odds of being
overweight compared with those who do not eat fast food. There is a positive
association between the frequency of eating restaurant or fast food and
increases in body weight. Thus, multiple lines of evidence indicate that
frequency of eating restaurant or fast food is associated with positive energy
balance and excessive weight.
b.
Large
Portion Size
Portion size is closely related to restaurant and fast
food consumption; the largest food portions. The greater the amount of food
presented to people, the more food is consumed. When portions increase 50% and
100% above baseline, energy intake increases an average of 120% and 130% above
energy needs, respectively. Therefore, large portion sizes, as are frequently
served in restaurants and fast food establishments, directly increase energy
intake, which can lead to excessive weight.
food consumption; the largest food portions. The greater the amount of food
presented to people, the more food is consumed. When portions increase 50% and
100% above baseline, energy intake increases an average of 120% and 130% above
energy needs, respectively. Therefore, large portion sizes, as are frequently
served in restaurants and fast food establishments, directly increase energy
intake, which can lead to excessive weight.
c.
Beverages with Sugar Added
Beverages with Sugar Added
Beverages with sugar added, a combination of soft
drinks and fruit drinks, contribute over 40% of sugar added to the average diet.
Studies have shown that people who increase intake of the amount of sugar-added
beverages increase total energy intake and gain weight.
drinks and fruit drinks, contribute over 40% of sugar added to the average diet.
Studies have shown that people who increase intake of the amount of sugar-added
beverages increase total energy intake and gain weight.
d. Fruits and Vegetables
Energy density is a measure of energy content per
weight of food. Foods with low energy density tend to have a high
water and fibre content, such as fruits and vegetables, whereas high energy
dense foods tend to have a high fat content. The intake of high energy dense
foods results in greater energy intake than the intake of an equal weight of
low energy density food. Consumption of energy dense foods with high fat
content positively correlates with increased energy intake. However,
this is not an issue only of fat intake because high energy dense food
consumption increases energy intake independently of portion size and fat
content.
weight of food. Foods with low energy density tend to have a high
water and fibre content, such as fruits and vegetables, whereas high energy
dense foods tend to have a high fat content. The intake of high energy dense
foods results in greater energy intake than the intake of an equal weight of
low energy density food. Consumption of energy dense foods with high fat
content positively correlates with increased energy intake. However,
this is not an issue only of fat intake because high energy dense food
consumption increases energy intake independently of portion size and fat
content.
e. Breakfast Consumption
Those who do not eat breakfast have a significantly
higher BMI than those who eat cereal or bread for breakfast. The exact mechanism of breakfast consumption
and improved weight management is unknown. It has been shown that the number of
eating episodes is inversely associated with the risk of obesity. Those who eat
4 or more times daily have a 45% lower risk of obesity compared with those who
eat less than 4 times a day. Paradoxically, studies show that the total energy
intake can be greater in those who eat breakfast. Whether it is the effect of consumption
frequency on metabolism, decreased energy intake throughout the rest of the
day, or greater health consciousness in terms of energy balance has not been
determined. However, the overall nutritional benefits of breakfast consumption
outweigh the risks.
higher BMI than those who eat cereal or bread for breakfast. The exact mechanism of breakfast consumption
and improved weight management is unknown. It has been shown that the number of
eating episodes is inversely associated with the risk of obesity. Those who eat
4 or more times daily have a 45% lower risk of obesity compared with those who
eat less than 4 times a day. Paradoxically, studies show that the total energy
intake can be greater in those who eat breakfast. Whether it is the effect of consumption
frequency on metabolism, decreased energy intake throughout the rest of the
day, or greater health consciousness in terms of energy balance has not been
determined. However, the overall nutritional benefits of breakfast consumption
outweigh the risks.
References
Gjesdal, H. J; Eide, G.E.; Brun, J.G. & Tell, G.S. (2008). “Impact of lean mass
and fat mass on bone mineral density: the Hordaland Health Study”. Maturitas
59 (2): 191–200.
and fat mass on bone mineral density: the Hordaland Health Study”. Maturitas
59 (2): 191–200.
Mahan, L. K. (2000). Krause’s Food, Nutrition & Diet Therapy, 10th
Ed. Philadelphia: W,B. Saunders Co.
Ed. Philadelphia: W,B. Saunders Co.
Schlosser, E. (2001). Fast Food Nation: The Darker Side of the All
American Meal. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
American Meal. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Zeratsky, K. (2011). “Underweight? See how
to add pounds healthfully”. Nutrition and healthy
eating. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 19
March 2012.
to add pounds healthfully”. Nutrition and healthy
eating. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 19
March 2012.