Immunization has
being described as the most cost effective and preventive means of saving
children from diseases such as Measles, Tetanus, Whooping cough, Poliomyelitis,
Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B and Yellow fever. Nigeria is a signatory to the
declaration to the survival protection and development of children which was
articulated by 49th World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1988 and reinforced
by the World Summit for Global Immunization which included eradication of polio
virus from the world by the year 2015.
being described as the most cost effective and preventive means of saving
children from diseases such as Measles, Tetanus, Whooping cough, Poliomyelitis,
Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B and Yellow fever. Nigeria is a signatory to the
declaration to the survival protection and development of children which was
articulated by 49th World Health Assembly (WHA) in 1988 and reinforced
by the World Summit for Global Immunization which included eradication of polio
virus from the world by the year 2015.
The story of vaccines
did not begin with the first vaccine Edward Jenner’s use of material from
cowpox pustules to provide protection against smallpox rather, it begins with
the long history of infectious disease in humans and it particular with early
uses of smallpox material to provide immunity to that disease evidence exist
that the Chinese employed smallpox inoculation (or variolation as such use of
smallpox material was called) as early as
1000 C.E. It was practiced in Africa and Turkey as well, before it
spread to Europe and America. Edward Jenner’s innovation begun with his
successful 1796 use of cowpox material to create immunity to smallpox made the
practices and technologically changes over the next 200 years, and eventually
resulted in the eradication of smallpox.
did not begin with the first vaccine Edward Jenner’s use of material from
cowpox pustules to provide protection against smallpox rather, it begins with
the long history of infectious disease in humans and it particular with early
uses of smallpox material to provide immunity to that disease evidence exist
that the Chinese employed smallpox inoculation (or variolation as such use of
smallpox material was called) as early as
1000 C.E. It was practiced in Africa and Turkey as well, before it
spread to Europe and America. Edward Jenner’s innovation begun with his
successful 1796 use of cowpox material to create immunity to smallpox made the
practices and technologically changes over the next 200 years, and eventually
resulted in the eradication of smallpox.
Lovis Pasteur’s 1885
rabies vaccine was the next to make an impact on human diseases. And then, at
the dawn of bacteriology, development rapidly followed. Antitoxins and vaccines
against diphtheria, tetanus, anthrax, cholera, plague, typhoid, tuberculosis
and more were developed through the 1930s. In the middle of 20th
century was an active time for vaccine research and development. Method for
growing virus in the laboratory led to rapid discovering and innovation
including the creation of vaccine for polio. Researchers targeted other common
childhood disease such as measles, mumps and rubella, and the vaccine for these
diseases reduces the burden greatly.
rabies vaccine was the next to make an impact on human diseases. And then, at
the dawn of bacteriology, development rapidly followed. Antitoxins and vaccines
against diphtheria, tetanus, anthrax, cholera, plague, typhoid, tuberculosis
and more were developed through the 1930s. In the middle of 20th
century was an active time for vaccine research and development. Method for
growing virus in the laboratory led to rapid discovering and innovation
including the creation of vaccine for polio. Researchers targeted other common
childhood disease such as measles, mumps and rubella, and the vaccine for these
diseases reduces the burden greatly.
In 1905, Swedish
physician Ivar Wiskman after a series of polio epidemics in Sweden published
two important findings about polio. First he suggested that polio is a very
contagious disease that could be spread from person to person. Secondly, he
recognised that polio could be present in people who did not appear to have
severe form of the disease.
physician Ivar Wiskman after a series of polio epidemics in Sweden published
two important findings about polio. First he suggested that polio is a very
contagious disease that could be spread from person to person. Secondly, he
recognised that polio could be present in people who did not appear to have
severe form of the disease.
Since Jenner’s
discovery, government have often invested albeit unevenly and incompletely, in
vaccines. Initially, vaccines were considered a matter of national pride and
prestige. They quickly become integral to utilitarian and public health notions
of societal security. Productivity and protection, in Europe and North America
during the nineteenth century for instance, smallpox vaccination was made
compulsory under state law. In the twentieth century as the standard battery of
childhood immunization including diphtheria, measles, mumps and rubella was developed;
vaccination was frequently adjudicated or managed by government entities.
discovery, government have often invested albeit unevenly and incompletely, in
vaccines. Initially, vaccines were considered a matter of national pride and
prestige. They quickly become integral to utilitarian and public health notions
of societal security. Productivity and protection, in Europe and North America
during the nineteenth century for instance, smallpox vaccination was made
compulsory under state law. In the twentieth century as the standard battery of
childhood immunization including diphtheria, measles, mumps and rubella was developed;
vaccination was frequently adjudicated or managed by government entities.
After the founding of
the World Health Organisation (WHO) and related organisations such as the
United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), vaccines
programmes went global. In 1974 for example, the WHO launched the Expanded
Programme on Immunization (EPI) with the goal of dramatically increasing
vaccination rates among children in developing countries. For more than three
decades, the EPI has functioned through the WHO regional offices to meet target
immunization rates for almost every disease with corresponding immunologic
agent.
the World Health Organisation (WHO) and related organisations such as the
United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF), vaccines
programmes went global. In 1974 for example, the WHO launched the Expanded
Programme on Immunization (EPI) with the goal of dramatically increasing
vaccination rates among children in developing countries. For more than three
decades, the EPI has functioned through the WHO regional offices to meet target
immunization rates for almost every disease with corresponding immunologic
agent.
Understanding vaccine
safety gets more public attention than vaccination effectiveness, but
independent experts and WHO have shown that vaccine are far safer than
therapeutic medicine. Today, vaccines have an excellent safety records and most
vaccine scares have being shown to be false alarms. Misguided safety concerns
in some countries have led to a fall in vaccination coverage, causing the
re-emergence of pertussis measles.
safety gets more public attention than vaccination effectiveness, but
independent experts and WHO have shown that vaccine are far safer than
therapeutic medicine. Today, vaccines have an excellent safety records and most
vaccine scares have being shown to be false alarms. Misguided safety concerns
in some countries have led to a fall in vaccination coverage, causing the
re-emergence of pertussis measles.
However, the most
common childhood killer diseases are poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, hepatitis B,
measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, yellow fever and tetanus. The vaccines
that are administered to prevent the children from these dangerous diseases are
made from micro-organism; they include Bacillus Chalmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine
against tuberculosis, oral polio vaccine (OPV) against poliomyelitis, hepatitis
B (HBV) vaccine against tetanus (DPT) vaccine against three diseases,
diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus, yellow fever vaccine against yellow fever
infection and measles vaccine against measles.
common childhood killer diseases are poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, hepatitis B,
measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, yellow fever and tetanus. The vaccines
that are administered to prevent the children from these dangerous diseases are
made from micro-organism; they include Bacillus Chalmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine
against tuberculosis, oral polio vaccine (OPV) against poliomyelitis, hepatitis
B (HBV) vaccine against tetanus (DPT) vaccine against three diseases,
diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus, yellow fever vaccine against yellow fever
infection and measles vaccine against measles.
Despite the effort
that has been made by different health agencies such as WHO, WHA, UNICEF, EPI
and other immunization programmers it is not skilled effective on routine basis
in some mothers, they still neglect routine immunization as an important thing
in life of their children and may be due to ignorance or lack of understanding
about what immunization has to offer to their children.
that has been made by different health agencies such as WHO, WHA, UNICEF, EPI
and other immunization programmers it is not skilled effective on routine basis
in some mothers, they still neglect routine immunization as an important thing
in life of their children and may be due to ignorance or lack of understanding
about what immunization has to offer to their children.
Negligence of
immunization has being a major problem in so many communities. Poverty,
illiteracy and lack of awareness have contributed greatly to this fact. Because
poverty is making majority of mothers to neglect routine immunization but
rather they run after their business, some of them that are farmers do not have
time to stay back from their various farms in order for them to be able to care
for their family needs, because most of them are not educated, they seem not to
have or know the value of routine immunization. Lack of proper motivation or
information by health workers in the different health centres or facilities so
that there can be a division of labour which will help to make this routine
immunization effective and a success.
immunization has being a major problem in so many communities. Poverty,
illiteracy and lack of awareness have contributed greatly to this fact. Because
poverty is making majority of mothers to neglect routine immunization but
rather they run after their business, some of them that are farmers do not have
time to stay back from their various farms in order for them to be able to care
for their family needs, because most of them are not educated, they seem not to
have or know the value of routine immunization. Lack of proper motivation or
information by health workers in the different health centres or facilities so
that there can be a division of labour which will help to make this routine
immunization effective and a success.
Some of all this
negligence is also due to misconception or misunderstanding by mothers that the
side effects of the vaccine is too much for their children, so after giving the
first and second dosages, they may not go back to complete the other doses.
negligence is also due to misconception or misunderstanding by mothers that the
side effects of the vaccine is too much for their children, so after giving the
first and second dosages, they may not go back to complete the other doses.
However, all vaccines
have their own way of administering them, there are some that make their
children to run temperature e.g. DPT etc. BCG vaccine is given once in a life time to
children at birth; it helps to protect the child and build his or her immunity
against tuberculosis infection. It is given intrademal which is within the skin
at the upper left arm and its dosage is 0.005ml. Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
(DPT) vaccine is given three times intramuscular at the outer part of the thigh
from the period six weeks to fourteen weeks. Its dosage is 0.05ml. Polio is a
vaccine that prevents virus disease affecting the central nervous system. It is
given four times; the first is at birth with BCG vaccine, the second dose is
when the child is six weeks, the third dose is when the child is ten weeks and
the last dose is when the child is fourteen weeks. It is given orally, it is
two drops per dose.
have their own way of administering them, there are some that make their
children to run temperature e.g. DPT etc. BCG vaccine is given once in a life time to
children at birth; it helps to protect the child and build his or her immunity
against tuberculosis infection. It is given intrademal which is within the skin
at the upper left arm and its dosage is 0.005ml. Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
(DPT) vaccine is given three times intramuscular at the outer part of the thigh
from the period six weeks to fourteen weeks. Its dosage is 0.05ml. Polio is a
vaccine that prevents virus disease affecting the central nervous system. It is
given four times; the first is at birth with BCG vaccine, the second dose is
when the child is six weeks, the third dose is when the child is ten weeks and
the last dose is when the child is fourteen weeks. It is given orally, it is
two drops per dose.
Measles vaccine is
given when the child is nine to eleven months. It is given one subcutaneous, on
the upper right arm. Its dosage is 0.05ml. Yellow fever vaccine is given when
the child is nine to eleven months and after every ten years, it is repeated
again. It is given subcutaneous on the upper left arm. Its dosage is 0.05ml,
while hepatitis B vaccine is given to children to protect them from liver
inflammation caused by virus. It is given three times; the first dose is along
side with BCG vaccine at birth; the second dose is at six weeks while the last
dose is at fourteen weeks. It is given intramuscular at the utter part of the
thigh. Its dosage is 0.005ml.
given when the child is nine to eleven months. It is given one subcutaneous, on
the upper right arm. Its dosage is 0.05ml. Yellow fever vaccine is given when
the child is nine to eleven months and after every ten years, it is repeated
again. It is given subcutaneous on the upper left arm. Its dosage is 0.05ml,
while hepatitis B vaccine is given to children to protect them from liver
inflammation caused by virus. It is given three times; the first dose is along
side with BCG vaccine at birth; the second dose is at six weeks while the last
dose is at fourteen weeks. It is given intramuscular at the utter part of the
thigh. Its dosage is 0.005ml.
Although these are
the most common ones, there are still other vaccines also used for immunization
that are not mentioned e.g. Vitamin A etc.
the most common ones, there are still other vaccines also used for immunization
that are not mentioned e.g. Vitamin A etc.