1. Male circumcision
2. Female circumcision/female
genital mutilation
genital mutilation
3. Hymenorrhaphy
4. Body modification
5. Polygamy
6. Male child superiority over
female
female
7. Early child marriage
8. Dowry system
9. Breast ironing
10. Use of kola nuts
11. The New Yam Festival
12. Apprenticeship
13. Fulani Sharo Tradition
14. Tribal marks
1.
Male Circumcision: This is the removal of part
or all of the foreskin. It is a procedure usually performed for religious,
cultural or medical reasons and leaves some or all of the glans permanently
exposed. The age at which circumcision may be performed varies widely with
Americans and religious groups. Such as Muslims and Jews typically circumcise
during neonatal period, and Filipinos and African tribes such as Maasai and
Xhosa circumcise in teenage years as an initiation into adulthood.
Male Circumcision: This is the removal of part
or all of the foreskin. It is a procedure usually performed for religious,
cultural or medical reasons and leaves some or all of the glans permanently
exposed. The age at which circumcision may be performed varies widely with
Americans and religious groups. Such as Muslims and Jews typically circumcise
during neonatal period, and Filipinos and African tribes such as Maasai and
Xhosa circumcise in teenage years as an initiation into adulthood.
2.
Female Circumcision/Female
Genital Mutilation: This refers to all procedures involving partial
or total removal of the external female genitalia or other surgery of the
female genital organs whether for cultural, religious or non-therapeutic
reasons. It is practised throughout the world, but the practice is concentrated
more heavily in Africa, Indonesia and the Middle East.
Female Circumcision/Female
Genital Mutilation: This refers to all procedures involving partial
or total removal of the external female genitalia or other surgery of the
female genital organs whether for cultural, religious or non-therapeutic
reasons. It is practised throughout the world, but the practice is concentrated
more heavily in Africa, Indonesia and the Middle East.
3.
Hymenorrhaphy: It refers to the practice
of thickening the hymen, or in some cases, implanting a capsule of red liquid
within the newly created vaginal tissue. The newly created hymen is created to
cause physical resistance, blood or the appearance of blood at the time that
the individual’s new husband inserts his penis into new vagina. This is done in
cultures where a high value is placed on females’ virginity at the time of
marriage. In these cultures, the woman may be punished perhaps violently, if
the community leaders deem that she was not a virgin at the time of
consummation of her marriage.
Hymenorrhaphy: It refers to the practice
of thickening the hymen, or in some cases, implanting a capsule of red liquid
within the newly created vaginal tissue. The newly created hymen is created to
cause physical resistance, blood or the appearance of blood at the time that
the individual’s new husband inserts his penis into new vagina. This is done in
cultures where a high value is placed on females’ virginity at the time of
marriage. In these cultures, the woman may be punished perhaps violently, if
the community leaders deem that she was not a virgin at the time of
consummation of her marriage.
N.B. – Individuals who are victims
of rape, who were virgin at the time of their rape, may elect for hymenorrhaphy.
of rape, who were virgin at the time of their rape, may elect for hymenorrhaphy.
4. Body Modification: Many types of genital
modifications are performed at the behest of the individual for personal,
sexual, aesthetic or cultural reasons. Examples are penile subincision or
splitting of the underside of the penis, are widespread in the traditional
cultures of indigenous Australians.
modifications are performed at the behest of the individual for personal,
sexual, aesthetic or cultural reasons. Examples are penile subincision or
splitting of the underside of the penis, are widespread in the traditional
cultures of indigenous Australians.
5. Polygamy: In most
cultures, the men get married to more than one wife in order to boost their
firm and prestige in the society.
cultures, the men get married to more than one wife in order to boost their
firm and prestige in the society.
6. Male Child Superiority over
Female: In most cultures, male children are given more rights and
privileges over females. Thus restricting female children from going to school
and becoming somebody in the future. Also, in some cases, female children are
not allowed to inherit properties from their late parents.
Female: In most cultures, male children are given more rights and
privileges over females. Thus restricting female children from going to school
and becoming somebody in the future. Also, in some cases, female children are
not allowed to inherit properties from their late parents.
7 Early Child Marriages: It is very common in Africa
and India. This occurs when at least one partner does not give consent and is
coerced into marrying. Early marriage involves both boys and girls. However,
girls are undoubtedly the most affected and suffer the most severe
consequences. A girl /woman who is forced to marry is usually a slave, forced
to love and sleep with her husband and physically confined indoors.
and India. This occurs when at least one partner does not give consent and is
coerced into marrying. Early marriage involves both boys and girls. However,
girls are undoubtedly the most affected and suffer the most severe
consequences. A girl /woman who is forced to marry is usually a slave, forced
to love and sleep with her husband and physically confined indoors.
8. Dowry System: Dowry is money, goods or estate that a woman
brings to her husband. Dowry can be as a forced financial and material
arrangement to be given by the parents of the groom or bridegroom himself as an
essential condition of the marriage. It is commonly practised in India.
brings to her husband. Dowry can be as a forced financial and material
arrangement to be given by the parents of the groom or bridegroom himself as an
essential condition of the marriage. It is commonly practised in India.
9. Breast Ironing: This is a practice, often performed by a mother
in which the breast of pubescent girls are pounded using tools such as
spatulas, grinding stones, hot stones hammers as a means of delaying their
development and protecting girls from rape and other types
of unwanted male attention.
in which the breast of pubescent girls are pounded using tools such as
spatulas, grinding stones, hot stones hammers as a means of delaying their
development and protecting girls from rape and other types
of unwanted male attention.
10. Use of Kola nut: Kola nut occupies a unique position in the
cultural life of the Igbo people. Kola nut is the first thing served to any
visitor in an Igbo home. Kola nut is served before an important function begins,
be it marriage ceremony, settlement of family disputes or entering into any
type of agreement. Kola nut is traditionally broken into pieces by hand and if
the kola nut breaks into three (3) pieces a special celebration is arranged.
cultural life of the Igbo people. Kola nut is the first thing served to any
visitor in an Igbo home. Kola nut is served before an important function begins,
be it marriage ceremony, settlement of family disputes or entering into any
type of agreement. Kola nut is traditionally broken into pieces by hand and if
the kola nut breaks into three (3) pieces a special celebration is arranged.
11. The New Yam Festival: This is celebrated annually to secure a good
harvest of staple crop. The festival is practised primarily in Nigeria and
other countries in West Africa.
harvest of staple crop. The festival is practised primarily in Nigeria and
other countries in West Africa.
12. Apprenticeship: The Igbo have a unique form of apprenticeship in
which either a male family member or a community member will spend time
(usually in their teens to their adulthood) with another family, when they work
for them. After the time spent with the family, the head of the host household
who is usually the older man who brought the apprentice into his household,
will establish the apprentice by either setting up a business for him or giving
him money/tools by which to make a living.
which either a male family member or a community member will spend time
(usually in their teens to their adulthood) with another family, when they work
for them. After the time spent with the family, the head of the host household
who is usually the older man who brought the apprentice into his household,
will establish the apprentice by either setting up a business for him or giving
him money/tools by which to make a living.
13. Fulani Sharo Tradition: The Sharo tradition is widely observed by
the Fulani people but is not mandatory to some subgroups while others do not
necessarily observe this ancient practice. The upper cast Fulani nobles are
excluded from the interesting test of manhood. Sharo tradition is a public
flogging of a potential groom before his nuptial; it is also practiced during
important occasions like chieftaincy coronations, sport and rite of manhood
ceremonies. The Sharo tradition is a highly revered tradition. They hold their
going through the flogging to show courage and strength. A Jafun tribe’s man
must endures brutal flogging on his back or ribs as part of a marriage ceremony
to show courage and readiness for marriage.
the Fulani people but is not mandatory to some subgroups while others do not
necessarily observe this ancient practice. The upper cast Fulani nobles are
excluded from the interesting test of manhood. Sharo tradition is a public
flogging of a potential groom before his nuptial; it is also practiced during
important occasions like chieftaincy coronations, sport and rite of manhood
ceremonies. The Sharo tradition is a highly revered tradition. They hold their
going through the flogging to show courage and strength. A Jafun tribe’s man
must endures brutal flogging on his back or ribs as part of a marriage ceremony
to show courage and readiness for marriage.
14. Tribal Marks: This is practised commonly over Nigeria but
specifically in the south west and Northern Nigeria.
specifically in the south west and Northern Nigeria.
