WHO (2008) estimated that the prevalence of
anaemia in developed and developing countries in pregnant women is 14% in
developed countries and 51% in developing countries. For example in India,
anaemia was estimated at 65-75%.
anaemia in developed and developing countries in pregnant women is 14% in
developed countries and 51% in developing countries. For example in India,
anaemia was estimated at 65-75%.
Ezzati, Lopez, Rodgers and
Hoorn (2002) reported that half of the
global maternal deaths due to anaemia occur in South Asian countries; India
contributes to about 80% of the maternal deaths due to anaemia in the region of
South Asian. It is obvious that Indian’s contribution both to the prevalence of
anaemia in pregnancy and maternal deaths due to anaemia is higher than
warranted by the size of its population. They further stressed that factors
responsible for high prevalence of anaemia in India have shown to be iron
deficiency as the major cause of anaemia followed by folate deficiency and in
recent years, B12 deficiency has also been highlighted. Particularly in India
the prevalence is high because of low dietary intake, poor iron and folic acid
intake, poor bioavailability of iron in phytate and fibre rich Indian diet and
chronic blood loss due to infection such as malaria and hookworm infestation.
Hoorn (2002) reported that half of the
global maternal deaths due to anaemia occur in South Asian countries; India
contributes to about 80% of the maternal deaths due to anaemia in the region of
South Asian. It is obvious that Indian’s contribution both to the prevalence of
anaemia in pregnancy and maternal deaths due to anaemia is higher than
warranted by the size of its population. They further stressed that factors
responsible for high prevalence of anaemia in India have shown to be iron
deficiency as the major cause of anaemia followed by folate deficiency and in
recent years, B12 deficiency has also been highlighted. Particularly in India
the prevalence is high because of low dietary intake, poor iron and folic acid
intake, poor bioavailability of iron in phytate and fibre rich Indian diet and
chronic blood loss due to infection such as malaria and hookworm infestation.
Awan, Akbar and Khan (2004)
reported 96% of pregnant
population of Multan area in Pakistan were anaemic. Microcytic hypochromic
anaemia resulting from iron deficiency is the most frequent form of anaemia 76%
followed by folate deficiency 20% reported and combined iron and folate
deficiency 20% on finding of 200 cases and he concluded by saying that several
factors are implicated on high prevalence of anaemia in the pregnant
population. Poor dietary status reflected by low socio-economic status makes
micronutrient deficiency both clinical and subclinical, relatively more common.
reported 96% of pregnant
population of Multan area in Pakistan were anaemic. Microcytic hypochromic
anaemia resulting from iron deficiency is the most frequent form of anaemia 76%
followed by folate deficiency 20% reported and combined iron and folate
deficiency 20% on finding of 200 cases and he concluded by saying that several
factors are implicated on high prevalence of anaemia in the pregnant
population. Poor dietary status reflected by low socio-economic status makes
micronutrient deficiency both clinical and subclinical, relatively more common.
Ma, Chen, Wang, Xu,
Zheng and Li (2004) reported 41.58% in pregnant people of Qingdao province of China were
anaemic and the subjects with iron deficiency anaemia had much higher rates of
vitamin C, folate and B12 deficiencies than those in the non anaemic subjects
and especially in the deficient rates of ascorbic acid and folate in the
anaemia group. Moreover, they observed that the decreasing trends of Hb
concentrations were accompanied by the decreases of serum levels of vitamin A,
ascorbic acid, folate and B12 and concluded that multiple vitamin deficiencies
may be associated with anaemia in pregnant mothers in the last trimester.
Zheng and Li (2004) reported 41.58% in pregnant people of Qingdao province of China were
anaemic and the subjects with iron deficiency anaemia had much higher rates of
vitamin C, folate and B12 deficiencies than those in the non anaemic subjects
and especially in the deficient rates of ascorbic acid and folate in the
anaemia group. Moreover, they observed that the decreasing trends of Hb
concentrations were accompanied by the decreases of serum levels of vitamin A,
ascorbic acid, folate and B12 and concluded that multiple vitamin deficiencies
may be associated with anaemia in pregnant mothers in the last trimester.
However, the research of Karaoglu (2010) on
pregnant women of East Anatolian province of Turkey, registered a percentage of
27.1% of anaemic pregnant women having four or more children and being in the
third trimester. Most of the anaemia recorded were normocytic-normochromic
indicating mixed anaemia. In Turkey, for pregnant women, anaemia was a moderate
public health problem, co-existing of iron, folate and B12 deficiencies was
observed.
pregnant women of East Anatolian province of Turkey, registered a percentage of
27.1% of anaemic pregnant women having four or more children and being in the
third trimester. Most of the anaemia recorded were normocytic-normochromic
indicating mixed anaemia. In Turkey, for pregnant women, anaemia was a moderate
public health problem, co-existing of iron, folate and B12 deficiencies was
observed.
The research of Jahan and Hossain (1998) said
that anaemia of 59% were recorded among pregnant mothers in Bangladesh
although, despite high prevalence registered, severe cases were absent and iron
deficiency increased at lower Hb level. Dreyfuss (2000) reported 73% of
pregnant Nepalese were anaemic with 7% being severe anaemic cases while
Atukorala (1994) studied Sri lanka pregnant women and recorded 65%.
that anaemia of 59% were recorded among pregnant mothers in Bangladesh
although, despite high prevalence registered, severe cases were absent and iron
deficiency increased at lower Hb level. Dreyfuss (2000) reported 73% of
pregnant Nepalese were anaemic with 7% being severe anaemic cases while
Atukorala (1994) studied Sri lanka pregnant women and recorded 65%.
According to Olukoya and Abidoye (1996) on Lagos
antenatal screening in Nigeria argued that Hookworm infestation, malaria and
HIV infections have contributed immensely with severe anaemic cases seen among
pregnant Nigerians in Lagos province.
antenatal screening in Nigeria argued that Hookworm infestation, malaria and
HIV infections have contributed immensely with severe anaemic cases seen among
pregnant Nigerians in Lagos province.
The research of Dim and Onah (2007) on pregnant
mothers in Enugu Southern Nigeria proved that 40.4% of the pregnant women were
anaemic, the majority of these anaemic patients were mildly anaemic and there
was no case of severe anaemia and those pregnant mothers in third trimester
expressed significant anaemia than those in the second trimester.
mothers in Enugu Southern Nigeria proved that 40.4% of the pregnant women were
anaemic, the majority of these anaemic patients were mildly anaemic and there
was no case of severe anaemia and those pregnant mothers in third trimester
expressed significant anaemia than those in the second trimester.
References
Atukorala,
T.M. (1994). Evaluation of effectiveness of iron-folate supplementation and
anthelminthic therapy against anemia in pregnancy-a study in the plantation
sector of Sri Lanka. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,
60, 286-292.
T.M. (1994). Evaluation of effectiveness of iron-folate supplementation and
anthelminthic therapy against anemia in pregnancy-a study in the plantation
sector of Sri Lanka. Am. J. Clin. Nutr.,
60, 286-292.
Awan, M.,
Akbar, M. and Khan, I. (2007). A study of anaemia in pregnant women of railway
colony, Multan. Pak. J. Med. Res., 43:17-22.
Akbar, M. and Khan, I. (2007). A study of anaemia in pregnant women of railway
colony, Multan. Pak. J. Med. Res., 43:17-22.
Dim, C.C.
and Onah, H.E. (2007). The prevalence of Anemia among pregnant women at booking
in Enugu, South Eastern Nigeria. Medscape
Gen. Med., 9, 11-11.
and Onah, H.E. (2007). The prevalence of Anemia among pregnant women at booking
in Enugu, South Eastern Nigeria. Medscape
Gen. Med., 9, 11-11.
Dreyfuss,
M.L. (2000). Hookworms, malaria and vitamin A deficiency contribute to anemia
and iron deficiency among pregnant women in the plains of Nepal. J. Nutr., 130, 2527-2536.
M.L. (2000). Hookworms, malaria and vitamin A deficiency contribute to anemia
and iron deficiency among pregnant women in the plains of Nepal. J. Nutr., 130, 2527-2536.
Ezzati,
M.; Lopez, A.; Rodgers, S. and Hoorn, C. (2002). Murray and The Comparative Risk
Assessment Collaborating Group, Selected major risk factors and global and
regional burden of disease. Lancet, 360:
1347-1360.
M.; Lopez, A.; Rodgers, S. and Hoorn, C. (2002). Murray and The Comparative Risk
Assessment Collaborating Group, Selected major risk factors and global and
regional burden of disease. Lancet, 360:
1347-1360.
Jahan, K.
and M. Hossain (1998). Bangladesh National Nutrition Survey, 1995-96. Institute
of Nutrition and food science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka.
and M. Hossain (1998). Bangladesh National Nutrition Survey, 1995-96. Institute
of Nutrition and food science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka.
Karaoglu,
L. (2010). The prevalence of nutritional anemia in pregnancy in an east
Anatolian province, Turkey. BMC Public
Health, 10, 10-11
L. (2010). The prevalence of nutritional anemia in pregnancy in an east
Anatolian province, Turkey. BMC Public
Health, 10, 10-11
Ma, A.G.,
Chen, X., Wang, Y., Xu, R., Zheng, M.
and Li, J. (2004). The multiple vitamin status of Chinese pregnant women
with anemia and nonanemia in the last trimester. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 50, 87-92.
Chen, X., Wang, Y., Xu, R., Zheng, M.
and Li, J. (2004). The multiple vitamin status of Chinese pregnant women
with anemia and nonanemia in the last trimester. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol., 50, 87-92.
Olukoya,
A.A. & Abidoye, R.O. (1996). A study of intestinal parasites in antenatal
clinic patients in Lagos. Health Hyg., 55,
66-70.
A.A. & Abidoye, R.O. (1996). A study of intestinal parasites in antenatal
clinic patients in Lagos. Health Hyg., 55,
66-70.
WHO (2008). Prevention and
management of severe anaemia in pregnancy. Geneva: WHO/ FHE/MSM/93-5.
management of severe anaemia in pregnancy. Geneva: WHO/ FHE/MSM/93-5.
