Introduction
According to U.S National Library of Medicine (2016), obesity means having too much body fat. It is different from being overweight, which means weighting too much. The weight may come from muscle, bone, fat, and or body water. Both terms mean that a person weight is greater than what is considered healthy for his or her weighty.
Obesity occurs over time when you eat more calories In and calories out differs for each person. Factors
that might affect your weight include your genetic makeup, overeating, eating high fat foods, and not being physically active.
that might affect your weight include your genetic makeup, overeating, eating high fat foods, and not being physically active.
According to Wikipedia (2017), Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated
to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered Obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person’s weight by the square of the person’s weight is over 30kg/m2 with the range 25-30kg/m2 defined as overweight obesity increases the risk of having diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteo arthritis.
to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. People are generally considered Obese when their body mass index (BMI), a measurement obtained by dividing a person’s weight by the square of the person’s weight is over 30kg/m2 with the range 25-30kg/m2 defined as overweight obesity increases the risk of having diseases such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, obstructive sleep apnea, certain types of cancer, and osteo arthritis.
Obesity is mostly preventable through a combination of social changes and personal choice. Changes to diet and exercising are the main treatments. Diet quality can be improved by reducing the consumption of energy dense foods, such as those high in fat and sugars, taking berberine supplement and by increasing the intake of dietary fibre medication can be taking alongside diet and exercise. If diet, exercise, medication are not effective, a gastric balloon or sugary may be performed to reduce stomach volume or bowel length, leading to feeling full earlier.
Obesity is a leading preventable care of death worldwide, with increasing rates in adults and children. In 2014, 600 million adults (13%) and 42 million children under the age of five were obese. It is more common in women than men. It is one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the western world) though it was seen as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history and still is some parts of the world in 2013, the American Medical Association classified obesity as a disease(Wikipedia, 2017)
Causes of obesity
According to Jerry (2015) the balance between calorie intake and energy expenditure determines a person’s weight. If a person eat more calories than he or she burns (metabolizes), the person gains weight (the body will stove the excess energy as fat). If a person eat fewer calories than he or she metabolizes he or she will lose weight. Therefore the most common causes of Obesity are overeating and physical
activity.
activity.
- Genetics: A person is more likely to develop Obesity if one or both parents are obese. Genetics also affect hormones involved in fat regulation. For example one genetic cause of obesity is lepton deficiency lepton control weight by signalling the brain to eat less when body fat stores are too high if, for some reason, the body cannot produce enough lepton or lepton cannot signal the brain to eat less, this control is lost and Obesity occurs.
- Overeating: Overeating leads to weight gain, especially if the diet IQ is high in fat. Foods high in fat or sugar (for example, fat food, fried food, and sweet) have high energy density (foods that have a lot of calories in a small amount of food).
- Physical inactivity: Sedentary people burn fewer calories than people who are active. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) showed that physical inactivity was strongly correlated with weight gain in both sexes.
- Medications: Medications associated with weight gain include certain anti-depress ants (medications used in treating depression), anti-convulsant such as carbamazezine and valproate, some diabetes medications such as insulin, sulfonylureas certain hormones such as oral contraceptives and most corticosteroids such as prednisone.
- Psychological factors: For some people, emotions influence eating habits many people eat excessively in response to emotions such as boredom, sadness, stress or anger while most overweight people have no more psychological disturbances than normal weight people, about 30% of the people who seek treatment for serious weight problems have difficulties with binge eating.
- Diseases: Diseases such as hypothyroidism, insulin resistance, polycystic ovary syndrome, and Cushing’ssyndrome are also contributors to obesity.
Signs and symptoms of obesity
According to Gary (2013) weight gain usually happens overtime most people know when they have gained weight some of the signs of overweight or obesity include:
Ø Clothes feeling right and needing a larger one
Ø The scale showing that you have gained weight
Ø Having extra fat around the waist
Ø A higher than normal body mass index and waist circumference.
Diagnosis of obesity
According to Mayo Clinic (2015) if you BMI is in the obese range, your health care provider will typically
review your health history in detail, perform a physical exam and tests generally include.
review your health history in detail, perform a physical exam and tests generally include.
Ø Taking your health history: Your factor may review your weight history, weight-loss efforts, exercises,
habits, eating pattern, what other condition, you’ve had, medications, stress levels. Your family’s health history is also important to see if you may be predisposed to certain conditions.
habits, eating pattern, what other condition, you’ve had, medications, stress levels. Your family’s health history is also important to see if you may be predisposed to certain conditions.
Ø A general physical exam: This includes also measuring your weight, checking vital signs, such as heart
rate, blood pressure and temperature, listening to your heart and lungs, and examining your abdomen.
rate, blood pressure and temperature, listening to your heart and lungs, and examining your abdomen.
Ø Calculating your BMI: This should be done at least once a year. Your BMI also helps determine your overall health risk and what treatment maybe appropriate.
BMI Categories
Underweight=<18.5,
Normal weight=<18.5-24.9,
Overweight=<25-29.9,
Obesity=BMI of 30 greater.
Ø Measuring your waist circumference: Fat stored around your waist, sometimes called visceral fat or
abdominal fat, may further increase your risk of diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Women with a waist measurement (circumference) of more than 35 inches (30 cm) and men with a measurement of more than 40 inches (102cm) may have more health risks than to people with smaller waist measurements like the BMI measurement it should be checked at least once a year.
abdominal fat, may further increase your risk of diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Women with a waist measurement (circumference) of more than 35 inches (30 cm) and men with a measurement of more than 40 inches (102cm) may have more health risks than to people with smaller waist measurements like the BMI measurement it should be checked at least once a year.
Ø Blood tests: What tests you have depend on your health, risk factors and any current symptoms you may be having. Tests may include a cholesterol tests, liver function tests, a fasting glucose, a thyroid test and others your doctor may also recommend certain heart test such as an electrocardiogram.
Available treatment for obesity
Treatment of Obesity can include lifestyle changes, medications, sugary. The main treatment for Obesity
consists of dieting and physical exercise. Diet programs may produce weight loss over the short term, but maintaining this weight loss is frequently difficult and often requires making exercise and a lower calories diet permanent part of an individual’s lifestyle. Other medication, orlistat, is current widely available and approved for long term use. Weight loss however is modest with an average of 2.9kg (6.41b) at 1 to 4 years and there is little information on how these drugs affect longer-term complications of Obesity. It
use is associated with high rates of gastrointestinal side effects.
consists of dieting and physical exercise. Diet programs may produce weight loss over the short term, but maintaining this weight loss is frequently difficult and often requires making exercise and a lower calories diet permanent part of an individual’s lifestyle. Other medication, orlistat, is current widely available and approved for long term use. Weight loss however is modest with an average of 2.9kg (6.41b) at 1 to 4 years and there is little information on how these drugs affect longer-term complications of Obesity. It
use is associated with high rates of gastrointestinal side effects.
The most effective treatment for Obesity is bariatric surgery. Surgery for severe Obesity is associated with long-term weight loss and decreased overall mortality one study found a weight loss of between 14% and 25% (depending on the type of procedure performed) at 10 years and a 29% reduction in all causes mortality when compared to standard weight loss measures.
Exercise: With use, muscles consume energy derived from both fat and glycogen. Due to the large size of leg muscles, walking, running, and cycling are the most effective means of exercise to reduce body fat. Exercise affects macronutrient balance during moderate exercise, equivalent to a brisk wall, there is a shift to greater use of fat as fuel. To maintain health, the American Heart Association recommends a minimum of 30 minutes of moderate exercise at least 5 days a week.
Medications: Several anti-Obesity medications are currently approved by the FDA for long term use. Orlistat reduces intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting panereatic lipase. Lorcaserin has been found to be
effective in the treatment of Obesity with a weight loss of 5.8kg at one year as opposed to 2.2kg with placebo and it is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of Obesity other drugs include.
effective in the treatment of Obesity with a weight loss of 5.8kg at one year as opposed to 2.2kg with placebo and it is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of Obesity other drugs include.
(i) The combination drug phentermine/topiramate (asymia)
(ii) Rimonabant (Acomlpia)
(iii) Phendimetrazine(Bontril)
(iv) Topiramate(Topamax)
(v) Zonisamide(zonegran)
Surgery: As said before Bariatric surgery (weight loss surgery) is the use of surgical intervention in the treatment of Obesity. As every operation may have complications, surgery is only recommended for severely Obese people (BMI>40) who have failed to lose weight following dietary modification and pharmacological treatment weight loss surgery relies on various.
Principles: The two most common approaches are reducing the volume of the stomach (e.g. by adjustable gastric banding and vertical banded gastroplasty), which produces an earlier sense of satiation and reducing the length of bowel that comes into contact with food (e.g. by gastric surgery)
which directly reduces absorption.
which directly reduces absorption.
Prevention of obesity
Obesity can be prevented by following a healthy lifestyle can help you prevent overweight and Obesity. Many lifestyle habits being during childhood, thus parents and families should encourage their children to make healthy choices, such as following a healthy diet and being physically active.
Dietary management of obesity
Dietary to promote weight loss are generally divided into four categories: low-fats low-carbohydrate,
low-calorie, and very low calories. A meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between three of the main diet types (low calories, low carbohydrate, and low fat), with a 2-4 kilogram (4.4-8.8lb) weight loss in all studies. At two years these three methods resulted in similar weight loss irrespective of the macronutrients emphasized. High protein diets do not appear to make any difference. A diet high in simple sugar such as those in soft drinks increases weight. Very low calories diets provide
zoo-800kcal/day, maintaining protein intake but limiting calories from both fat and carbohydrates. They subject the body to starvation and produce an average weekly weight loss of 1.5-2.5kilograms (3.3-5.51b) these diets are not recommended for general use as they are associated with adverse side effects
such as loss of lean muscle mass, increased risks of gout and electrolyte imbalances. People attempting these diets must be monitored closely by a dietitian to prevent complications (Wikipedia, 2017).
low-calorie, and very low calories. A meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between three of the main diet types (low calories, low carbohydrate, and low fat), with a 2-4 kilogram (4.4-8.8lb) weight loss in all studies. At two years these three methods resulted in similar weight loss irrespective of the macronutrients emphasized. High protein diets do not appear to make any difference. A diet high in simple sugar such as those in soft drinks increases weight. Very low calories diets provide
zoo-800kcal/day, maintaining protein intake but limiting calories from both fat and carbohydrates. They subject the body to starvation and produce an average weekly weight loss of 1.5-2.5kilograms (3.3-5.51b) these diets are not recommended for general use as they are associated with adverse side effects
such as loss of lean muscle mass, increased risks of gout and electrolyte imbalances. People attempting these diets must be monitored closely by a dietitian to prevent complications (Wikipedia, 2017).
According to different types, fruit, grain (cereal) foods, mostly whole grain, lean meats and poultry, fish, eggs, fufu, nuts and seeds etc., drink plenty of water, limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.
Conclusion
Having known what obesity is all about, it is advisable to eat diets that can promote weight loss which
includes low-fat diets, low-carbohydrate diet, low-calorie diets and very low calorie diet. Patient should increase their vegetable intake and fruit intake, they should avoid or limit saturated fats, added salt and alcohol etc.
includes low-fat diets, low-carbohydrate diet, low-calorie diets and very low calorie diet. Patient should increase their vegetable intake and fruit intake, they should avoid or limit saturated fats, added salt and alcohol etc.
References
Abaluha, H. (2007).The obesity epidemic: Analysis of past and projected future trends in selected OECD countries. London: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Bray, G. (2012). Healthy lives, healthy people: a call to action on obesity in England. London: Department of Health
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2004). Living a Healthy Lifestyle; The Role of Feeding Pattern and Physical Activities. New York. CDC.
Craig, L. (2003). Overweight and cardiovascular risk factors in 4–18 year olds. Obesity Facts 1: 237–42
Gayle, M. (2009). Obesity evaluation and treatment: Expert Committee recommendations. The Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services.Pediatrics.102:E29.
John, R. &Merch, V. ( 2012). Rapid infant weight gain predicts overweight status at 4 years of age. Obes Res. 11:A28.
Mayo Clinic (2013).Management of Overweight and Obesity. MYC Ltd. New York
Philip, B. V. (2006). Childhood obesity: psychosocial outcomes and the role of weight bias and stigma. Educational Psychology in Practice 25: 193–209
Ricker, K. (2013). Why don’t low-income mothers worry about their preschoolers being overweight? Paediatrics.107:1138-1146.
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