Table 4.1: Summary of demographic data distribution
|
Age
|
Respondent
|
Percentage
|
|
15 – 25
|
52
|
52%
|
|
26 – 36
|
33
|
33%
|
|
37 and above
|
15
|
15%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
|
Religion
|
Respondent
|
Percentage
|
|
Christian
|
89
|
89%
|
|
Muslim
|
0
|
0%
|
|
Others
|
11
|
11%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
|
Educational
status |
Respondent
|
Percentage
|
|
Primary
|
15
|
15%
|
|
Secondary
|
49
|
49%
|
|
Others
|
36
|
36%
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100%
|
The table above shows the demographic distribution of respondents
according to age, religious background and educational status. According to the
age of the respondents, 52 (52%) were within the age bracket of 15 – 25 years,
33 (33%) were within the age bracket of 26 – 36 years and 15 (15%) were 37
years and above. According to the religious background of the respondents, 89
(89%) were Christians, 0 (0%) were Muslims while 11 (11%) had other religious
beliefs. According to educational status of respondents, 15 (15%) had only
primary education, 49 (49%) had secondary education while 36 (36%) had other
educational qualifications.
according to age, religious background and educational status. According to the
age of the respondents, 52 (52%) were within the age bracket of 15 – 25 years,
33 (33%) were within the age bracket of 26 – 36 years and 15 (15%) were 37
years and above. According to the religious background of the respondents, 89
(89%) were Christians, 0 (0%) were Muslims while 11 (11%) had other religious
beliefs. According to educational status of respondents, 15 (15%) had only
primary education, 49 (49%) had secondary education while 36 (36%) had other
educational qualifications.
Research question I
What
is the level of occurrence of child abuse among the people in Ughelli
metropolis?
is the level of occurrence of child abuse among the people in Ughelli
metropolis?
Research hypothesis I
There
is no significant relationship on the level of occurrence of child abuse among
the people in Ughelli metropolis.
is no significant relationship on the level of occurrence of child abuse among
the people in Ughelli metropolis.
Table 4.2a: Analysis of sub-questions (1–4) under research question I
|
S/N
|
Occurrence
|
A
|
SA
|
D
|
SD
|
|
1
|
There are causes of
child neglect among people in Ughelli metropolis. |
11 (11%)
|
65 (65%)
|
15 (15%)
|
9 (9%)
|
|
2
|
Some children in
Ughelli metropolis suffer from physical abuse. |
10 (10%)
|
71 (71%)
|
9 (9%)
|
10 (10%)
|
|
3
|
Child sexual
molestation is a reoccurring phenomenon in Ughelli metropolis. |
23 (23%)
|
36 (36%)
|
21 (21%)
|
20 (20%)
|
|
4
|
Emotional
exploitation and abuse are some forms of child abuse common in Ughelli metropolis. |
12 (12%)
|
68 (68%)
|
10 (10%)
|
10 (10%)
|
From the table, in item 1, 76% of the respondents agreed that there are causes of child neglect among people in
Ughelli metropolis while 24%
disagreed with the statement. In item 2, 81% of the respondents agreed that some children in Ughelli metropolis suffer from
physical abuse while 19% of
disagreed with the statement. In item 3, 59% of the respondents agreed that child sexual molestation is a reoccurring
phenomenon in Ughelli metropolis while 41% disagreed with the statement. In item 4, 80% of the
respondents agreed that emotional exploitation and abuse are some forms of child abuse common in
Ughelli metropolis while 20%
disagreed with the statement.
Ughelli metropolis while 24%
disagreed with the statement. In item 2, 81% of the respondents agreed that some children in Ughelli metropolis suffer from
physical abuse while 19% of
disagreed with the statement. In item 3, 59% of the respondents agreed that child sexual molestation is a reoccurring
phenomenon in Ughelli metropolis while 41% disagreed with the statement. In item 4, 80% of the
respondents agreed that emotional exploitation and abuse are some forms of child abuse common in
Ughelli metropolis while 20%
disagreed with the statement.
Research question II
What
are the possible causes of child abuse among the people in Ughelli metropolis?
are the possible causes of child abuse among the people in Ughelli metropolis?
Research hypothesis II
There
is no significant relationship on the possible causes of child abuse among the
people in Ughelli metropolis.
is no significant relationship on the possible causes of child abuse among the
people in Ughelli metropolis.
Table 4.3a: Analyses of sub-questions (5–8) under research question II
|
S/N
|
Causes
|
A
|
SA
|
D
|
SD
|
|
5
|
Cultural norms
encouraging harsh physical punishment of children lead to child abuse in Ughelli metropolis. |
6 (6%)
|
74 (74%)
|
8 (8%)
|
12 (12%)
|
|
6
|
Setting
expectations for a child that are clearly beyond the child’s capability causes child abuse. |
15 (15%)
|
57 (57%)
|
8 (8%)
|
20 (20%)
|
|
7
|
Children resulting
from unintended pregnancy face abuse. |
21 (21%)
|
35 (35%)
|
24 (24%)
|
20 (20%)
|
|
8
|
Substance abuse by
parents and care givers contribute to child abuse. |
7 (7%)
|
75 (75%)
|
10 (10%)
|
8 (8%)
|
From the table above, in item 5, 80% of the
respondents agreed that cultural norms encouraging harsh physical punishment of children lead to
child abuse in Ughelli metropolis while 20% disagreed with the statement. In item 6, 72% of the
respondents agreed that setting expectations for a child that are clearly beyond the child’s
capability causes child abuse while 28% disagreed with the statement. In item 7, 56% of the
respondents agreed that children resulting from unintended pregnancy face abuse while 44% disagreed with the statement. In item 8,
82% of the respondents agreed that substance abuse by parents and care givers contribute to child abuse
while 18% disagreed with the
statement.
respondents agreed that cultural norms encouraging harsh physical punishment of children lead to
child abuse in Ughelli metropolis while 20% disagreed with the statement. In item 6, 72% of the
respondents agreed that setting expectations for a child that are clearly beyond the child’s
capability causes child abuse while 28% disagreed with the statement. In item 7, 56% of the
respondents agreed that children resulting from unintended pregnancy face abuse while 44% disagreed with the statement. In item 8,
82% of the respondents agreed that substance abuse by parents and care givers contribute to child abuse
while 18% disagreed with the
statement.
Research question III
Is
there a linkage between child abuse and the increase in youth violence in Ughelli
metropolis?
there a linkage between child abuse and the increase in youth violence in Ughelli
metropolis?
Research hypothesis III
There
is no significant relationship on the linkage between child abuse and the
increase in youth violence in Ughelli metropolis.
is no significant relationship on the linkage between child abuse and the
increase in youth violence in Ughelli metropolis.
Table 4.4a: Analysis of sub-questions (9–12) under research question III
|
S/N
|
Child abuse and youth violence
|
A
|
SA
|
D
|
SD
|
|
9
|
Children abused
have a tendency to engage in violence at adolescent or adult age. |
14 (14%)
|
68 (68%)
|
10 (10%)
|
8 (8%)
|
|
10
|
Youth who are abuse as children feel unloved by
their parents or guardians and hereby run away from home. |
8 (8%)
|
71 (71%)
|
10 (10%)
|
11 (11%)
|
|
11
|
Child abuse exposes
children to criminal activities such as cultism, gangsterism, rape, teenage pregnancy, etc. |
25 (25%)
|
35 (35%)
|
20 (20%)
|
20 (20%)
|
|
12
|
Youths who are
victim of teenage pregnancy has a high tendency to engage in violence to their children. |
12 (12%)
|
65 (65%)
|
13 (13%)
|
10 (10%)
|
From the table above, in item 9, 82% of the respondents agreed that children abused have a tendency to engage in
violence at adolescent or adult age while 18% disagreed with the statement. In item 10, 79% of the
respondents agreed that youth who are abuse as children
feel unloved by their parents or guardians and hereby run away from home while 21% disagreed with the statement. In item
11, 60% of the respondents agreed that child abuse exposes
children to criminal activities such as cultism, gangsterism, rape, teenage
pregnancy, etc while 40%
disagreed with the statement. In 12, 77% of the respondents agreed that youths who are victim of teenage pregnancy has a
high tendency to engage in violence to their children while 23% of the disagreed with the statement.
violence at adolescent or adult age while 18% disagreed with the statement. In item 10, 79% of the
respondents agreed that youth who are abuse as children
feel unloved by their parents or guardians and hereby run away from home while 21% disagreed with the statement. In item
11, 60% of the respondents agreed that child abuse exposes
children to criminal activities such as cultism, gangsterism, rape, teenage
pregnancy, etc while 40%
disagreed with the statement. In 12, 77% of the respondents agreed that youths who are victim of teenage pregnancy has a
high tendency to engage in violence to their children while 23% of the disagreed with the statement.
Research question IV
Are
there probable remedies to the issue of child of abuse in Ughelli metropolis?
there probable remedies to the issue of child of abuse in Ughelli metropolis?
Research hypothesis IV
There
is no significant relationship on remedies to the issue of child abuse in
Ughelli metropolis.
is no significant relationship on remedies to the issue of child abuse in
Ughelli metropolis.
Table 4.5a: Analysis of sub-questions (13–16) under research question IV
|
S/N
|
Remedies
|
A
|
SA
|
D
|
SD
|
|
13
|
Adequate awareness on the impact of child abuse
and parents can help to minimize child abuse. |
16 (16%)
|
59 (59%)
|
10 (10%)
|
15 (15%)
|
|
14
|
Enforcement of laws prohibiting the violation of
the right of the child can help in reducing child abuse. |
21 (21%)
|
55 (55%)
|
14 (14%)
|
10 (10%)
|
|
15
|
Child abuse can be reduced through school
programmes such as “good touch and bad touch” |
22 (22%)
|
34 (34%)
|
22 (22%)
|
22 (22%)
|
|
16
|
Taking initiatives by NGOs to help victims of
child abuse can help in minimizing its impact. |
17 (17%)
|
50 (50%)
|
25 (25%)
|
8 (8%)
|
From the analysis above, in item
13, 75% of the respondents agreed adequate awareness on the impact of child abuse and parents can help to
minimize child abuse while 25%
disagreed with the statement. In item 14, 66% of the respondents agreed that enforcement of laws prohibiting the violation of
the right of the child can help in reducing child abuse while 34% disagreed with the statement. In item
15, 56% of the respondents agreed that child abuse can be reduced through school
programmes such as “good touch and bad touch” while 44% disagreed with the statement. In item 16,
67% of the respondents agreed that taking initiatives by NGOs to help victims of child abuse can help in
minimizing its impact while 23% disagreed with the statement.
13, 75% of the respondents agreed adequate awareness on the impact of child abuse and parents can help to
minimize child abuse while 25%
disagreed with the statement. In item 14, 66% of the respondents agreed that enforcement of laws prohibiting the violation of
the right of the child can help in reducing child abuse while 34% disagreed with the statement. In item
15, 56% of the respondents agreed that child abuse can be reduced through school
programmes such as “good touch and bad touch” while 44% disagreed with the statement. In item 16,
67% of the respondents agreed that taking initiatives by NGOs to help victims of child abuse can help in
minimizing its impact while 23% disagreed with the statement.
Research
hypothesis I
hypothesis I
There
is no significant relationship on the level of occurrence of child abuse among
the people in Ughelli metropolis.
is no significant relationship on the level of occurrence of child abuse among
the people in Ughelli metropolis.
Items 1, 2, 3
and 4 from the questionnaire were used to analyze the table below
and 4 from the questionnaire were used to analyze the table below
Table 4.2b:
Summary of respondent on research question I, items 1–4
Summary of respondent on research question I, items 1–4
|
Item
|
A
|
SA
|
D
|
SD
|
X2 value
|
Critical value
|
|
1
|
11(14)
|
65(60)
|
15 (13.75)
|
9 (12.25)
|
34.151
|
16.92
|
|
2
|
10(14)
|
71(60)
|
9 (13.75)
|
10 (12.25)
|
||
|
3
|
23(14)
|
36(60)
|
21 (13.75)
|
20 (12.25)
|
||
|
4
|
12(14)
|
68(60)
|
10 (13.75)
|
10 (12.25)
|
X2 = 34.151, table value is 16.92 at 9df
Decision rule
The calculated chi-square x2 = 34.151 and table value is
16.92 at 0.05 level of significance (see appendix II for computation). Since
the calculated x2 value is greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis was rejected while the alternative research hypothesis was accepted.
16.92 at 0.05 level of significance (see appendix II for computation). Since
the calculated x2 value is greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis was rejected while the alternative research hypothesis was accepted.
Research hypothesis II
There
is no significant relationship on the possible causes of child abuse among the
people in Ughelli metropolis.
is no significant relationship on the possible causes of child abuse among the
people in Ughelli metropolis.
Items 5, 6, 7
and 8 from the questionnaire were used to analyze the table below
and 8 from the questionnaire were used to analyze the table below
Table 4.3b: Summary of respondent on research
question II, items 5 – 8
question II, items 5 – 8
|
Item
|
A
|
SA
|
D
|
SD
|
X2 value
|
Critical value
|
|
5
|
6(12.25)
|
74 (60.25)
|
8(12.5)
|
12(15)
|
51.33
|
16.92
|
|
6
|
15(12.25)
|
57 (60.25)
|
8(12.5)
|
20(15)
|
||
|
7
|
21(12.25)
|
35 (60.25)
|
24(12.5)
|
20(15)
|
||
|
8
|
7 (12.25)
|
75 (60.25)
|
10(12.5)
|
8(15)
|
X2 = 51.33, table value is 16.92 at 9df
Decision rule
The calculated chi-square x2 = 51.33 and table value is 16.92
at 0.05 level of significance (see appendix III for computation). Since the
calculated x2 value is greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis was rejected while the alternative research hypothesis was accepted.
at 0.05 level of significance (see appendix III for computation). Since the
calculated x2 value is greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis was rejected while the alternative research hypothesis was accepted.
Research
question III
question III
There
is no significant relationship on the linkage between child abuse and the
increase in youth violence in Ughelli metropolis.
is no significant relationship on the linkage between child abuse and the
increase in youth violence in Ughelli metropolis.
Items 9, 10,
11 and 12 from the questionnaire were used to analyze the table below
11 and 12 from the questionnaire were used to analyze the table below
Table 4.4b: Summary of respondent on research
question III, items 9-12
question III, items 9-12
|
Item
|
A
|
SA
|
D
|
SD
|
X2 value
|
Critical value
|
|
9
|
68(59.75)
|
14(14.75)
|
10(13.25)
|
8(12.25)
|
36.69
|
16.92
|
|
10
|
71(59.75)
|
8(14.75)
|
10(13.25)
|
11(12.25)
|
||
|
11
|
35(59.75)
|
25(14.75)
|
20(13.25)
|
20(12.25)
|
||
|
12
|
65(59.75)
|
12(14.75)
|
13(13.25)
|
10(12.25)
|
X2 = 36.69, table value is 16.92 at 9df
Decision rule
The calculated chi-square x2 = 36.69 and table value is 16.92
at 0.05 level of significance (see appendix IV for computation). Since the
calculated x2 value is greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis was rejected while the alternative research hypothesis was accepted.
at 0.05 level of significance (see appendix IV for computation). Since the
calculated x2 value is greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis was rejected while the alternative research hypothesis was accepted.
Research question IV
There
is no significant relationship on remedies to the issue of child abuse in
Ughelli metropolis.
is no significant relationship on remedies to the issue of child abuse in
Ughelli metropolis.
Items 13, 14,
15 and 16 from the questionnaire were used to analyze the table below
15 and 16 from the questionnaire were used to analyze the table below
Table 4.4: Summary of respondent on research
question 4, items 13 – 16
question 4, items 13 – 16
|
Item
|
A
|
SA
|
D
|
SD
|
X2 Value
|
Critical Value
|
|
13
|
16(19)
|
59(49.5)
|
10(17.75)
|
15(13.75)
|
25.3
|
16.92
|
|
14
|
21(19)
|
55(49.5)
|
14(17.75)
|
10(13.75)
|
||
|
15
|
22(19)
|
34(49.5)
|
22(17.75)
|
22(13.75)
|
||
|
16
|
17(19)
|
50(49.5)
|
25(17.75)
|
8(13.75)
|
X2 = 25.3, table value is 16.92 at 6df
Decision rule
The calculated chi-square x2 = 25.3 and table value is 12.59
at 0.05 level of significance (see appendix V for computation). Since the
calculated x2 value is greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis was rejected while the alternative research hypothesis was accepted.
at 0.05 level of significance (see appendix V for computation). Since the
calculated x2 value is greater than the table value, the null
hypothesis was rejected while the alternative research hypothesis was accepted.