If blood of an incompatible
group is transfused and the cells of the given blood agglutinate, that is they
stick together to form clumps of red blood cells. Such agglutination may have
severe consequences. The clumps of agglutinated red blood cells block
capillaries and other small blood vessels and the patient complains of violent
pains. Theses clumped cell are haemolysed releasing a large amount of
haemoglobin into plasma. As it has been told, the vessel of the kidney might be
affected and cause blockage, due to agglutination of the blood vessels leading
to kidney dyfunction and this will stop the kidney from functioning which give
rise to failure to produce urine which is known as anuria. This concept of
blood grouping was actually introduce by Landsteiner in the year 1900, which
then form basis on which blood transfusion are now given. The principal blood
group system in base on the presence or absence of agglutinogens and
agglutinin.Agglutinogens which are carried on the surface of all the red cells
in an individual. These agglutinogens are termed A and B anyone with
agglutinogen A on all his red cells is classified as belonging to group A.
Those with agglutinogen B belong to group B. Those with both A and B belong to
AB. Those with neither A nor B belong to group O
group is transfused and the cells of the given blood agglutinate, that is they
stick together to form clumps of red blood cells. Such agglutination may have
severe consequences. The clumps of agglutinated red blood cells block
capillaries and other small blood vessels and the patient complains of violent
pains. Theses clumped cell are haemolysed releasing a large amount of
haemoglobin into plasma. As it has been told, the vessel of the kidney might be
affected and cause blockage, due to agglutination of the blood vessels leading
to kidney dyfunction and this will stop the kidney from functioning which give
rise to failure to produce urine which is known as anuria. This concept of
blood grouping was actually introduce by Landsteiner in the year 1900, which
then form basis on which blood transfusion are now given. The principal blood
group system in base on the presence or absence of agglutinogens and
agglutinin.Agglutinogens which are carried on the surface of all the red cells
in an individual. These agglutinogens are termed A and B anyone with
agglutinogen A on all his red cells is classified as belonging to group A.
Those with agglutinogen B belong to group B. Those with both A and B belong to
AB. Those with neither A nor B belong to group O
When cells with
agglutinogenA are transformed into recipient, whose plasma contains the
agglutinin Anti A, agglutination of the cells occurs. It is the cell given that
is agglutinated. Anti A is found in the plasma of group O and B subjects. Anti
B is also found in plasma of group O and A. These agglutinins appear shortly
after birth. They decrease with age. The agglutinin is immunoglobin.
agglutinogenA are transformed into recipient, whose plasma contains the
agglutinin Anti A, agglutination of the cells occurs. It is the cell given that
is agglutinated. Anti A is found in the plasma of group O and B subjects. Anti
B is also found in plasma of group O and A. These agglutinins appear shortly
after birth. They decrease with age. The agglutinin is immunoglobin.
|
Blood Group
|
O
46%
|
A
42%
|
B
9%
|
AB
3%
|
|
Cell
|
–
|
A
Agglutinogen
|
B
Agglutinogen
|
A and B
Agglutinogen
|
|
Plasma
|
Anti A and Anti B
Agglutinin
|
Anti B
Agglutinin
|
Anti A
Agglutinin
|
–
|
Group O is usually known as
the universal donor since this group can donate blood to any of these groups.
Group AB is also referred to as universal recipient. Since members of this
group can receive blood from any of this group. ABO system, agglutination will
take place at room temperature in an in-vitro. And this enable the blood group
of unknown blood (red cell) are added to serum containing Anti-A and to a serum
containing Anti-B agglutinins. Those are obtained from the group B and group A
donor respectively.
the universal donor since this group can donate blood to any of these groups.
Group AB is also referred to as universal recipient. Since members of this
group can receive blood from any of this group. ABO system, agglutination will
take place at room temperature in an in-vitro. And this enable the blood group
of unknown blood (red cell) are added to serum containing Anti-A and to a serum
containing Anti-B agglutinins. Those are obtained from the group B and group A
donor respectively.
|
Unknown blood sample
|
Anti-A serum
|
Anti-B serum
|
|
0
|
–
|
–
|
|
A
|
+
|
–
|
|
B
|
–
|
+
|
|
AB
|
+
|
+
|
+Agglutination (clotting)
Serum and plasma are
similar. The only difference being that serum has lost the clotting factors
like prothrombin and fibrinogen which are present in plasma. Blood prevented from clotting is separated into
cell and plasma. Allowing to cloth, separate into serum and cloth.
similar. The only difference being that serum has lost the clotting factors
like prothrombin and fibrinogen which are present in plasma. Blood prevented from clotting is separated into
cell and plasma. Allowing to cloth, separate into serum and cloth.
Rhesus Group
This was first discovered
in rhesus monkey. It is an additional Anti-body. The presence or absence of
this factor will determine positively or negatively of the Anti-body. If
present, the individual rhesus positive or vice versa. It is also known as
anti-body D (rhesus D). About 80% of the population is rhesus + ve and they
have this antigen and they do not make anti-rhesus anti-bodies, but remaining
20% has rhesus antigen, they are therefore rhesus negative. The rhesus
individual is capable of making anti rhesus anti-body, but they are stimulated
to do so only in some circumstances example: In pregnancy or as a result an
incompatible blood transfusion. In crisis, situation, when positive rhesus is
transfused to negative there is agglutination but negative to positive, there
will be no reaction. In positive to negative at first, there may be no reaction,
antibodies are therefore produced aggressively against subsequent transfusion.
Rhesus factor has implication for pregnancy, in couple with different Rhesus
factor. The foetus pick up the rhesus of either parent (father) if the + ve, at
first pregnancy there may be reaction but subsequent pregnancy may lead to
agglutination of blood of the foetus resulting to still birth. An injection
synthetic protein Anti-D is given immediately after birth or delivery of 72hrs
before delivery to prevent agglutination
in rhesus monkey. It is an additional Anti-body. The presence or absence of
this factor will determine positively or negatively of the Anti-body. If
present, the individual rhesus positive or vice versa. It is also known as
anti-body D (rhesus D). About 80% of the population is rhesus + ve and they
have this antigen and they do not make anti-rhesus anti-bodies, but remaining
20% has rhesus antigen, they are therefore rhesus negative. The rhesus
individual is capable of making anti rhesus anti-body, but they are stimulated
to do so only in some circumstances example: In pregnancy or as a result an
incompatible blood transfusion. In crisis, situation, when positive rhesus is
transfused to negative there is agglutination but negative to positive, there
will be no reaction. In positive to negative at first, there may be no reaction,
antibodies are therefore produced aggressively against subsequent transfusion.
Rhesus factor has implication for pregnancy, in couple with different Rhesus
factor. The foetus pick up the rhesus of either parent (father) if the + ve, at
first pregnancy there may be reaction but subsequent pregnancy may lead to
agglutination of blood of the foetus resulting to still birth. An injection
synthetic protein Anti-D is given immediately after birth or delivery of 72hrs
before delivery to prevent agglutination