A pest is an animal or a plant that occurs in such
abundance as to present a distinct threat, economically or medically to man or
his interest. Pest could also be said to be an organism that reduces the
availability, quality or value of some human resources.
abundance as to present a distinct threat, economically or medically to man or
his interest. Pest could also be said to be an organism that reduces the
availability, quality or value of some human resources.
Pest Management
One result of change in the environment has been a
great increase in the number of species that are now recognised as competitors
to man. These competitors are usually referred to as pest.
great increase in the number of species that are now recognised as competitors
to man. These competitors are usually referred to as pest.
Therefore, the menace of
pest has led to destruction of man’s properties, economic loss and transmission
of diseases to man and as such regard as enemies of man.
pest has led to destruction of man’s properties, economic loss and transmission
of diseases to man and as such regard as enemies of man.
Pests and insects are small
animals (rodents). They destroy food, harbour infected agents who are
responsible for the transmission of diseases, cause annoyance, irritation and
are ubiquitous to our environment, i.e. they are found in the air, soil, land
and water, etc.
animals (rodents). They destroy food, harbour infected agents who are
responsible for the transmission of diseases, cause annoyance, irritation and
are ubiquitous to our environment, i.e. they are found in the air, soil, land
and water, etc.
They consist of three (3)
types of transmission process which are:
types of transmission process which are:
·
Biological transmission process
Biological transmission process
·
Mechanical transmission process
Mechanical transmission process
·
Direct transmission process.
Direct transmission process.
Biological Transmission Process
This is a process whereby the vector undergoes stages
of development which takes between 10-14 days for the vector to complete its
life cycle. When such a vector bites a man or host, it infects the parasites
and has to undergo another developmental stage for it to be effective to be
able to transmit disease to man e.g. mosquitoes, tse-tse fly, etc.
of development which takes between 10-14 days for the vector to complete its
life cycle. When such a vector bites a man or host, it infects the parasites
and has to undergo another developmental stage for it to be effective to be
able to transmit disease to man e.g. mosquitoes, tse-tse fly, etc.
Mechanical Transmission
Process
Process
There are vectors or pests that act as reservoir of
disease agent. They carry germs on their wings and in the process of feeding
they deposit the infectious agent on man’s food or water, e.g. houseflies,
cockroach etc.
disease agent. They carry germs on their wings and in the process of feeding
they deposit the infectious agent on man’s food or water, e.g. houseflies,
cockroach etc.
Direct Transmission Process
In this process when pest comes in contact with man
they bite or suck. They suck man’s blood which result to man’s painful
irritation and anaemia e.g. lice, bed-bugs, etc.
they bite or suck. They suck man’s blood which result to man’s painful
irritation and anaemia e.g. lice, bed-bugs, etc.
Effect of Pest to Man
1. Pest produces the quality
and quantity of crop yield thereby reducing its market value.
and quantity of crop yield thereby reducing its market value.
2. It causes annoyance i.e. to
say expensive clothing’s and documents are destroyed by these pests.
say expensive clothing’s and documents are destroyed by these pests.
3. Pest causes damage to man’s
properties
properties
4. They inflict wound on man,
when there is no food for them to feed e.g rat flea which causes plaque, lassa
fever.
when there is no food for them to feed e.g rat flea which causes plaque, lassa
fever.
Therefore, pest control
became a top priority issue because of the damages they post to man. As an environmental
health officer, we are to ensure that pest control becomes a global public
health challenge and we must understand the nature of pest to control the
damage they cause, the morphology and metamorphosis of pest as to have an
effective pest management.
became a top priority issue because of the damages they post to man. As an environmental
health officer, we are to ensure that pest control becomes a global public
health challenge and we must understand the nature of pest to control the
damage they cause, the morphology and metamorphosis of pest as to have an
effective pest management.
Type of Pests and Chemicals
Used to Control Pests
Used to Control Pests
|
Pests
|
Chemicals
|
|
1. Reptiles
|
Cyper D. Force
|
|
2. Wall Gecko
|
Snipper
|
|
3. Mosquito, fly, cockroach
|
Snippers, D D. Force, malathoil, Dedrine,
daksh. |
|
4. Rats
|
Hydrogen Cyanide gas, walferien, redenticide.
|
|
5. Bat
|
Action 40
|
|
6. Treatment
|
Perfect killer, snipper
|
|
7. Over grown weeds
|
Paraforce, uproot, force up, delsate
|
For effective pest control
must acquire knowledge of pest management. However, the total reliance in the
use of chemicals in the control of pest has resulted to pest abundance leading
to the distribution of both targeted and non-targeted pest and also cause
environmental pollution.
must acquire knowledge of pest management. However, the total reliance in the
use of chemicals in the control of pest has resulted to pest abundance leading
to the distribution of both targeted and non-targeted pest and also cause
environmental pollution.
Effect of Chemicals
1. It kills off the pest and
new one’s will emerge and post abundance.
new one’s will emerge and post abundance.
2. The frequent the use of chemicals
pollution occurs in the environment.
pollution occurs in the environment.
Methods of Pest Control
1. Environmental sanitation
2. Chemical control
3. Biological control
4. Physical control
5. Use of traps
Pest Control Equipment
1. Motorized sprayer
2. Knapsack sprayer
3. Compressor sprayer
4. Electrical insect trap
5. Insect box trap.
Lethal Dosage
This is the required amount of the chemical needed to
kill particular organism under test. If the concentration of the chemical used
is below dosage there will be no accurate result, but if the concentration is
increased above recommendation it results to wastage of chemical which will in
turn cause environment pollution.
kill particular organism under test. If the concentration of the chemical used
is below dosage there will be no accurate result, but if the concentration is
increased above recommendation it results to wastage of chemical which will in
turn cause environment pollution.