Respiration: The process of gaseous
exchange between an organism and its environment .This includes both external
respiration and internal respiration.
exchange between an organism and its environment .This includes both external
respiration and internal respiration.
External Respiration: Which involves breathing,
in which oxygen is taken up by the capillaries of the lungs (alveoli) and
carbon dioxide is released from the blood.
in which oxygen is taken up by the capillaries of the lungs (alveoli) and
carbon dioxide is released from the blood.
Internal respiration: which involves the
released of oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide absorbed by the blood.
released of oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide absorbed by the blood.
The organs of respiration
1.
Nose
Nose
2.
Pharynx
Pharynx
3.
Larynx
Larynx
4.
Trachea
Trachea
5.
Two bronchi (one bronchi to earn lungs)
Two bronchi (one bronchi to earn lungs)
6.
Bronchioles and small air passages.
Bronchioles and small air passages.
7.
Two lungs and their coverings, the pleura
Two lungs and their coverings, the pleura
Muscles of Respiration: The intercostals muscles
(internal and external) and the diaphragm.
(internal and external) and the diaphragm.
Inspiration: The process of inspiration
is active, as it needs energy for muscle contraction. At rest, the inspiration
lasts about two seconds.
is active, as it needs energy for muscle contraction. At rest, the inspiration
lasts about two seconds.
Expiration: The process of expiration
is passive, as it does not require the expiration of energy. At rest,
expiration lasts about three seconds and after expiration there is a pause before the next cycle begins. Therefore
arrange respiratory rate is 12 to 15 breaths for muscles. Every breath consists of three phases.
Inspiration, expiration and pause.
is passive, as it does not require the expiration of energy. At rest,
expiration lasts about three seconds and after expiration there is a pause before the next cycle begins. Therefore
arrange respiratory rate is 12 to 15 breaths for muscles. Every breath consists of three phases.
Inspiration, expiration and pause.
Breathing: breathing is term which is
applied to inhalation and exhalation. In other words, the act of intake of air
into the lungs and expulsion of air from the lungs is called breathing. The
breathing rate in a normal person is between 15-18 times or average of 17 times
per minutes. Breathing goes on
automatically. But if you want to take a deep breath, you do so. Therefore, we
say that respiration in partly involuntary and partly voluntary (by will).
applied to inhalation and exhalation. In other words, the act of intake of air
into the lungs and expulsion of air from the lungs is called breathing. The
breathing rate in a normal person is between 15-18 times or average of 17 times
per minutes. Breathing goes on
automatically. But if you want to take a deep breath, you do so. Therefore, we
say that respiration in partly involuntary and partly voluntary (by will).
The goals of respiration
The goals of respiration are to provide oxygen to the
tissues and to remove carbon dioxide. To achieve these goals, respiration can
be divided into four major functional events.
tissues and to remove carbon dioxide. To achieve these goals, respiration can
be divided into four major functional events.
1.
Pulmonary ventilation which means the inflow and outflow of air
between the atmosphere and the lungs alveoli
Pulmonary ventilation which means the inflow and outflow of air
between the atmosphere and the lungs alveoli
2.
Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
the alveoli and the blood.
Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
the alveoli and the blood.
3.
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the
blood and body fluids to and from the cells.
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the
blood and body fluids to and from the cells.
4.
Regulation of ventilation and other facets of respiration.
Regulation of ventilation and other facets of respiration.
Factors affecting the rate of respiration
1.
Exercise: high demand of oxygen during exercise
increases respiratory rate.
Exercise: high demand of oxygen during exercise
increases respiratory rate.
2.
High
hydrogen ion concentration in the blood will pose a problem on haemoglobin
binding with oxygen, hence cause increased in respiration to compensate for
oxygen.
High
hydrogen ion concentration in the blood will pose a problem on haemoglobin
binding with oxygen, hence cause increased in respiration to compensate for
oxygen.
3.
At higher altitudes, rate of respiration will
increase because at high altitude the amount of oxygen is less.
At higher altitudes, rate of respiration will
increase because at high altitude the amount of oxygen is less.
4.
High concentration of carbon dioxide in the body or atmosphere will lead to
increase in respiration to compensate for oxygen
High concentration of carbon dioxide in the body or atmosphere will lead to
increase in respiration to compensate for oxygen
5.
Age: Very old persons have low metabolic rate,
and therefore, the rate of respiration
in them will be less those in young persons
Age: Very old persons have low metabolic rate,
and therefore, the rate of respiration
in them will be less those in young persons
6.
Temperature influences the rate of respiration.
In extreme cold, the body heat is dissipated into the atmosphere. As a result,
the temperature begins to drop. In other to maintain the body temperature, the
rate of respiration is increased.
Temperature influences the rate of respiration.
In extreme cold, the body heat is dissipated into the atmosphere. As a result,
the temperature begins to drop. In other to maintain the body temperature, the
rate of respiration is increased.
Mechanism of respiration
These involve expiration and inspiration
Expiration: Relaxation of the intercostals
muscles and the diaphragm leading:
muscles and the diaphragm leading:
1.
Downward and inward movement of the ribs
Downward and inward movement of the ribs
2.
Recoiling of the lungs
Recoiling of the lungs
3.
Passive – no energy is required
Passive – no energy is required
4.
Decrease in the diameter of the thoracic cavity
Decrease in the diameter of the thoracic cavity
5.
Upward movement of the diaphragm.
Upward movement of the diaphragm.
6.
Increase in the pressure.
Increase in the pressure.
Inspiration: Contraction of the intercostals
muscle and the diaphragm leading:
muscle and the diaphragm leading:
1.
Upward and outward movement of the ribs
Upward and outward movement of the ribs
2.
Expansion of the lungs
Expansion of the lungs
3.
Active-require energy
Active-require energy
4.
Increase in the diameter of the thoracic cavity
Increase in the diameter of the thoracic cavity
5.
Downward movement of the diaphragm
Downward movement of the diaphragm
6.
Decrease in pressure
Decrease in pressure
Cellular respiration: It is a series of chemical
reactions within the cells whereby food is “burned” in the present of oxygen
and converted into carbon dioxide, water and ATP. In cellular respiration,
organism oxides glucose (combines it with oxygen) so as to form the energy-rich
compound known as ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
reactions within the cells whereby food is “burned” in the present of oxygen
and converted into carbon dioxide, water and ATP. In cellular respiration,
organism oxides glucose (combines it with oxygen) so as to form the energy-rich
compound known as ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
This type of respiration is the reverse of
photosynthesis; the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide and water,
with the aid of solar energy, into complex organic compounds known as
carbohydrates. In cellular respiration six molecules of glucose (C6H12O6)
reacts with six molecules of oxygen 02 to form six molecules
ofcarbon dioxide (CO2), six molecules of (H2O) and 36 molecules
of ATP. This reaction can be represented by the following chemical reactions:
photosynthesis; the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide and water,
with the aid of solar energy, into complex organic compounds known as
carbohydrates. In cellular respiration six molecules of glucose (C6H12O6)
reacts with six molecules of oxygen 02 to form six molecules
ofcarbon dioxide (CO2), six molecules of (H2O) and 36 molecules
of ATP. This reaction can be represented by the following chemical reactions:
6C6H12O6 + 6O2
→ 6Co2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP)
→ 6Co2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP)
There are two types of cellular respiration; aerobic
and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration require oxygen while anaerobic
respiration does not require oxygen
and anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration require oxygen while anaerobic
respiration does not require oxygen
