The key
concepts or terms to be used in this work include urbanization, urbanism, crime and economic development.
concepts or terms to be used in this work include urbanization, urbanism, crime and economic development.
Urbanization
In its
simplest connotation, urbanization means the transformation of a rural
community into an urban community. This process is accomplished by
modernization in the form of industrialization, the introduction of modern social
infrastructures such as tarred roads,
hospitals, schools and colleges, welfare centers, recreational centers, better
housing and physical restructuring of the hitherto rural community or town. These
modernization techniques contribute to the growth of population, a significant
index for measuring the extent of urbanization. Power relations between collectivities
within the urban population also contribute to the growth of urbanization
(paris, 1874, Eichenbaum, 1979)
simplest connotation, urbanization means the transformation of a rural
community into an urban community. This process is accomplished by
modernization in the form of industrialization, the introduction of modern social
infrastructures such as tarred roads,
hospitals, schools and colleges, welfare centers, recreational centers, better
housing and physical restructuring of the hitherto rural community or town. These
modernization techniques contribute to the growth of population, a significant
index for measuring the extent of urbanization. Power relations between collectivities
within the urban population also contribute to the growth of urbanization
(paris, 1874, Eichenbaum, 1979)
Louis (1980)
defines an urban center as a relatively, large, dense and permanent settlement
of socially heterogeneous individuals. The development of an urban center is a
product of urbanization is a continuity process in Nigeria related to the
increased functional specialization in human society
defines an urban center as a relatively, large, dense and permanent settlement
of socially heterogeneous individuals. The development of an urban center is a
product of urbanization is a continuity process in Nigeria related to the
increased functional specialization in human society
Urbanism
The term urbanism
is usually confused or mistakenly used to mean same phenomenon as urbanization
is usually confused or mistakenly used to mean same phenomenon as urbanization
While
urbanization refers to the expansion of
community from a rural subsistence setting to an urban, modern and
industrial community, urbanism refers to the rapid growth of the city itself. This
accomplished by the growth of such phenomena such as slums, high traffic
problem, anomie and a high level of criminal activities including other by
product or side effects of urbanization. The term
urbanization can be more appropriately
used. for such large cities as Lagos, London, New York, Paris and Chicago amongst
others within the context of this work , the term ‘’urban growth’’ ‘’urban
expansion’’ or to be more concrete “urbanization process” will be more
appropriately used. It is an incontrovertible fact however that there is a
correlation between the term
urbanization and urbanism. This is seen
in the fact that the effect of both
phenomena are similar. Ecological changes result from both phenomena, a
situation that contribute to social change and subsequently this affect
behavioural pattern in the new or old
urban man.
urbanization refers to the expansion of
community from a rural subsistence setting to an urban, modern and
industrial community, urbanism refers to the rapid growth of the city itself. This
accomplished by the growth of such phenomena such as slums, high traffic
problem, anomie and a high level of criminal activities including other by
product or side effects of urbanization. The term
urbanization can be more appropriately
used. for such large cities as Lagos, London, New York, Paris and Chicago amongst
others within the context of this work , the term ‘’urban growth’’ ‘’urban
expansion’’ or to be more concrete “urbanization process” will be more
appropriately used. It is an incontrovertible fact however that there is a
correlation between the term
urbanization and urbanism. This is seen
in the fact that the effect of both
phenomena are similar. Ecological changes result from both phenomena, a
situation that contribute to social change and subsequently this affect
behavioural pattern in the new or old
urban man.
Crime
Crime is
the product of anti-social behaviour criminal behavior is therefore a violation
of the criminal law. An act cannot be regarded as a crime except it violates
the existing norms or laws of a society.
the product of anti-social behaviour criminal behavior is therefore a violation
of the criminal law. An act cannot be regarded as a crime except it violates
the existing norms or laws of a society.
For an
act to be a crime there must be proof of criminal intent. Also, for an act to
be called a crime, it must be accompanied or redressed by punishment . Variant
of criminal activities have been named above, it will be risk of repetition here
if they are mentioned.
act to be a crime there must be proof of criminal intent. Also, for an act to
be called a crime, it must be accompanied or redressed by punishment . Variant
of criminal activities have been named above, it will be risk of repetition here
if they are mentioned.
However, Willeans
Bonger’s typology of crime into four groups (Economics sexual political and miscellaneous
is note worthy). Various other crimes can be grouped under Bonger’s typology.
However, there are other offences which our forefathers regarded as crimes
before the introduction of criminal code
for example, murder is regarded as a traditional crime. Within the
context of this none, crime is used to refer to acts that violet both the
criminal code and traditional norms of our society.
Bonger’s typology of crime into four groups (Economics sexual political and miscellaneous
is note worthy). Various other crimes can be grouped under Bonger’s typology.
However, there are other offences which our forefathers regarded as crimes
before the introduction of criminal code
for example, murder is regarded as a traditional crime. Within the
context of this none, crime is used to refer to acts that violet both the
criminal code and traditional norms of our society.
The
classification of crime by the police (Crime against the person, property,
public order and the State) is also taken into consideration. Apart from the
above mentioned classification criminologist categorize crime into the
following groups:
classification of crime by the police (Crime against the person, property,
public order and the State) is also taken into consideration. Apart from the
above mentioned classification criminologist categorize crime into the
following groups:
1. Criminal Homicide: These include
a. Justifiable homicide
b. manslaughter by negligence
c. Suicide
2. RAPE: These include
a. Statutory rape
b. Forcible rape
3. robbery /assault : These include
a. Burglary (b) larceny (c) arson (d)
forgery and pick pocketing (e) counterfeiting (f) embezzlement (g) blackmail
(h) vandalism (i) prostitution and other sex offences such as incest (j) drug
abuse, gambling, alcoholism and
disorderly conduct
forgery and pick pocketing (e) counterfeiting (f) embezzlement (g) blackmail
(h) vandalism (i) prostitution and other sex offences such as incest (j) drug
abuse, gambling, alcoholism and
disorderly conduct
Criminologist
also categorize criminal into five groups these are;
also categorize criminal into five groups these are;
(a) The essential law abiding criminals
(b) occasional criminals
(c) The segmental criminals
(d) The professional criminals and
(e) The Episodic criminals
Details
analysis of the causes of crime in human society cannot be undertaken with regard
to the scope of this study. A brief indigent
into these theories may perhaps be needed. The traditional belief is that crime
is caused by the devil. This theory is
disputed by Caesar Beccaria (1738-1794) who postulated that crime is caused by
the desired for pleasure. Cesara lombroso (1835-1907) who belonged to the positive school of
criminology in his book, “The Criminal Man” argues that criminals were people
who had not completed their evolutional processes. He asserts that if one cut across the anatomy of
criminals he would find certain things that are similar to those of animals. By
implication criminal were therefore like animals.
analysis of the causes of crime in human society cannot be undertaken with regard
to the scope of this study. A brief indigent
into these theories may perhaps be needed. The traditional belief is that crime
is caused by the devil. This theory is
disputed by Caesar Beccaria (1738-1794) who postulated that crime is caused by
the desired for pleasure. Cesara lombroso (1835-1907) who belonged to the positive school of
criminology in his book, “The Criminal Man” argues that criminals were people
who had not completed their evolutional processes. He asserts that if one cut across the anatomy of
criminals he would find certain things that are similar to those of animals. By
implication criminal were therefore like animals.
William
Bongur (1876-1940), criminals that positivist view and pose another cause of
crime. He argues that capitalism is the major cause of crime and to be eradicated.
The functional school of criminology represented by Emile Durkhiem also
attacked the positives school of criminology. Durkhiem argues that crime is
inevitable and normal in society. He
further argues that if there is no crime there will not be social growth and ultimately no progress. Durkhiem concludes
that crime is inevitable consequences of social complexity.
Bongur (1876-1940), criminals that positivist view and pose another cause of
crime. He argues that capitalism is the major cause of crime and to be eradicated.
The functional school of criminology represented by Emile Durkhiem also
attacked the positives school of criminology. Durkhiem argues that crime is
inevitable and normal in society. He
further argues that if there is no crime there will not be social growth and ultimately no progress. Durkhiem concludes
that crime is inevitable consequences of social complexity.
These can
only be progress when people change instituted authority. These various schools
on the origin of crime and criminal activities are reference point for
subsequent analysis of this work
only be progress when people change instituted authority. These various schools
on the origin of crime and criminal activities are reference point for
subsequent analysis of this work
Economic Development
Economic
development refers to the transformation of a society by increased
production of goods and services. This inevitably
leads to the upliftment of standard of living of a people, growth and
development are sometimes confused for each other although growth may lead to
economic development, growth is not development
per say. Economic growth is the statistical increase in the production
of goods and services. This growth can
lead to improvement of the standard of living of people, we may then talk of economic
development
development refers to the transformation of a society by increased
production of goods and services. This inevitably
leads to the upliftment of standard of living of a people, growth and
development are sometimes confused for each other although growth may lead to
economic development, growth is not development
per say. Economic growth is the statistical increase in the production
of goods and services. This growth can
lead to improvement of the standard of living of people, we may then talk of economic
development
According
to Mabogunje (1967) urbanization is linked with economic development, although the
exact nature of the relationship has never been explicitly stated.
to Mabogunje (1967) urbanization is linked with economic development, although the
exact nature of the relationship has never been explicitly stated.
Hoselitz
(1955) for instance says that while on the hand, there is general agreement
that the growth and development of cities is a necessary condition of economic
development on the other hand, there are the findings which tend to show that
the richer a country is the more urbanized it is and the larger a city in any
country, the wealthier it is.
(1955) for instance says that while on the hand, there is general agreement
that the growth and development of cities is a necessary condition of economic
development on the other hand, there are the findings which tend to show that
the richer a country is the more urbanized it is and the larger a city in any
country, the wealthier it is.