Mania

It is an effective mental disorder characterised by periodic attack of elation. In characteristics, it is almost the opposite of depression. There is unusual over-activity physically and mentally. It may occur in two phases in the same victim i.e. occurring as mania in one phase and as depression in another phase called manic depressive psychosis

Incidences of mania

1. Average age onset is about 25 years
2. Affects woman than men
3. Tend to remit and recur

Causes of mania

• Linked with pre-morbid personality
• Other usual causes of mental illness

Types of mania

Hypo mania, acute mania

Mania proper

1. Hypomania

It comes up suddenly there is moderate elation there is physical and mental hyperactivity

Mode:

Joyful and humorous self satisfaction and self- confidences to the extreme he is grandiose and highly euphoric in both attitude and action.

Judgement:

There is lack of judgement pawns on his belonging and distributes them out indiscriminately high sexual urge

Activities: there is increase psychomotor activity leading to insomnia

Speech and thinking:

• Rapid witty and boastful speech very argumentative
• There is total decreased concentration
• Easily distracted

2. Mania proper: there is hyperactivity than it is in hypo-mania

Mood:

• Patients is highly irritable
• He exaggerates
• Intolerant
• Persistent outburst of anger

Judgement:

Very poor judgement

Borrow money for something that may not comes to pass e.g. borrowing money to celebrates the birthday of a child he does not have. Involves in large unrealities skills may write out cheques in million of naira that he does not posses in the bank writes accusatory letters to head of states governors kings etc.

Activity

• Extremely psychomotor activity
• Malignant insomnia
• Little or no time for eating
• Suffers from loss of weight
• He is impulsive sexually which can lead to open raping of ladies

Thinking and speech:

• Very rapid speech
• Words are over pronounced aloud
• Incoherent speech
• Delusion of grandeur
• No insight
• Chemotherapy
• Largactil
• Taractan
• Melleril
• Phenobarbitone

The psycho-neurosis/neurosis

• These are minor mental disorder examples are
• Anxiety neurosis
• Hysterical neurosis
• Obsession neurosis

Anxiety neurosis: it is unpleasant feeling that people are trying to avoid in most cases people are not physically aware of the causes in fear, there in unpleasant feeling but one sees a snake and runs always. It occurs in all psychiatric problems.

Signs and symptoms

• sweating
• headache
• palpitation
• loss of appetite
• tremor of various parts of the body
• high blood pressure
• chest pain
• irritability
• restlessness
• disorientation
• insomnia
• frequent micturiction
• frequent stooling
• general weakness

Stages of anxiety: it  has 3 stage namely

1. moderate or mild anxiety: this is expected in every human being it helps one to make good judgement, thinking is made easier
2. acute or severe of anxiety: no goo judgement is made memory and decision – making are poor the victim is disturbed and very restless. He cannot concentrate and is highly irritable
3. panicking state anxiety: this is very bad stage the victim suffer from all sign and symptoms of anxiety coupled with delusion. This is indeed a dangerous phase and the victim needs an admission

Hysterical neurosis: this is a form of neurosis that includes a wide verity of physical symptoms without pathogenic  changes. It is found in both psychiatric hospital as well as in general hospitals.

Types of hysterical neurosis:

1. hysterical conversion
2. hysterical dissociation

Hysterical conversion: it is the process by which an emotional conflict is expressed as physical symptoms, such as headache stomach ache gastro- intestinal upsets. Paralysis blindness

Hysterical dissociation: this is the detachment of certain aspect of activities of an individual  personality it is characterised.

Management:

Understands patient problem encourage outdoor activities good interaction and give good rehabilitative measure. Valium largactil or phenobarbitone could be prescribes

Obsessional  neurosis: this is persistent intrusion of unwanted thought action that one relises its purposeless uneselfulness but one is unable to stop doing it e.g. washing of hand always putting powder on the face several times. Asking of unanswerable question, getting up several times to check if the door is locked.

Types of Obsessional neurosis:

1. ritualistic obsession
2. ruminative obsession

Ritualistic obsession: these are obsessive’s act e.g. washing of hand, walking up down the lane same way and times every

Ruminative obsession: these are obsessive thoughts e.g. where is god.

Management

Patients should be assured of his security, be protected from harmful act setting limits for him and be engaged in alterative activities. Do not criticize but well with patient.

Psychosomatic disorders

Psycho means mind

Somatic means body

These are disorder, which involves pathological and physical changes bin human being i.e. the disease of the body and the mind.  Psychosomatic disorder manifest  the following

1. dysmenorrhoea
2. dermatitis
3. asthma
4. alopesia
5. urticaria
6. diabetes mellitus
7. hypertension
8. Urticaria
9. Peptic ulcer
10. Rheumathid arthritis

Diagnosis: this can be done through proper history taking usually common in people who are rigid, uncompromising and neurotic.

Management:

1. Teat according to symptoms
2. Frank discussion with the patient allowing him / her to speak out his mind
3. Psychotherapy in form of discussion, suggestion and reassurance
4. Individual condition should be treated according to the types of illness presented physical and psychologically.
5. Control the patient environmental and his condition through proper nursing care and appropriate medication

Sources of treatment:

Treatment can be received either from the traditional healers or psychiatric homes within the community that he/ she lives.